EMRS PGT key terms

The blend of subject mastery and teaching skill that lets a teacher decide which examples, analogies, and representations make a specific topic learnable for a specific group of students.

A learning theory holding that learners build new understanding by connecting incoming information to what they already know, so teaching should start from prior conceptions rather than from bare transmission of facts.

Vygotsky's idea that the most useful learning happens in the gap between what a learner can do alone and what the learner can do with guidance from a more capable person.

Temporary, gradually withdrawn support such as worked examples, prompts, or structured steps that helps a learner complete a task just beyond current independent ability.

Assessment used during teaching to reveal what learners understand and to adjust instruction immediately, typically low-stakes and feedback-rich rather than graded for ranking.

An approach in which evidence from classroom tasks is deliberately used by teacher and students to decide next steps, with learners sharing goals and judging their own progress.

Assessment conducted at the end of a unit, term, or course to certify achievement against standards, usually contributing to grades or promotion decisions.

A scoring guide that lists criteria for a task and describes levels of quality for each criterion, making grading transparent and consistent across students and evaluators.

Planning that varies content, process, or product in response to learner readiness, interest, and profile, so that all students work toward the same essential outcomes by suitable routes.

The principle and practice of educating students with disabilities and other marginalized groups in mainstream settings, with curricula and environments adapted so participation is genuine.

A written plan for a student with a disability specifying present levels of performance, measurable annual goals, services, accommodations, and how progress will be monitored and reviewed.

Targeted instruction given after diagnosis to correct specific learning gaps, usually in small groups or individually, before the class moves on to more advanced content.

An instrument used to locate the precise nature and cause of a learner's difficulty in a subject, distinguishing it from achievement tests that merely measure how much has been learned.

A hierarchical classification of cognitive objectives, commonly ordered as remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, and create, used to frame learning outcomes and question difficulty.

A precise statement of what a learner should be able to demonstrate by the end of a lesson or course, expressed through observable action verbs rather than vague intentions.

A teacher's structured outline of objectives, prior knowledge, materials, sequenced activities, questioning, and closure for a single period, including how learning will be checked.

A scaled-down practice session in which a trainee teaches a short single-skill lesson to a small group, reviews recorded or observed feedback, and re-teaches to improve.

The habit of systematically examining one's own teaching decisions and their effects, using evidence such as student work, peer observation, or journals, in order to change future practice.

A cyclical inquiry by a practitioner who identifies a classroom problem, plans an intervention, implements it, collects data, and revises practice in repeated spirals.

An assessment scheme that spreads evaluation across the year and covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas, using multiple tools rather than a single terminal examination.

India's current education policy framework, notable for the 5+3+3+4 school structure, foundational literacy and numeracy mission, multidisciplinary higher education, and emphasis on teacher professionalism.

A document prepared under the national education policy that guides syllabus design, pedagogy, and assessment across school stages; the 2023 version followed NEP 2020.

The 2009 Indian law guaranteeing free and compulsory elementary education for children aged six to fourteen, setting norms on pupil-teacher ratio, infrastructure, and no-detention provisions.

Residential schools run under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs for Scheduled Tribe students, offering quality education from upper primary to senior secondary in tribal areas.

A deductive argument with two premises and a conclusion, valid when the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises regardless of whether the premises are actually true.

An error in reasoning that makes an argument appear convincing when it is not, such as attacking a person instead of the claim or generalizing from too few cases.

The ability to draw warranted conclusions from given statements, spot assumptions, and distinguish valid from invalid inference, tested through series, syllogisms, and statement-conclusion items.

Reading and analysing information presented in tables, graphs, or charts to compute values, compare trends, and answer questions accurately within time limits.

Numerical problem-solving skill covering arithmetic, percentages, ratios, averages, time-work, and speed-distance, tested for speed and accuracy in objective papers.

The eight traditional word classes, namely noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection, used to describe how words function in a sentence.

A group of words containing a subject and a finite verb; it may stand alone as a sentence or be joined to another clause by a subordinating or coordinating conjunction.

The grammatical contrast between a subject performing the action and a subject receiving it; conversion requires changing verb form and often reordering the object.

The contrast between quoting a speaker's exact words and reporting them, where reporting usually shifts tense, pronouns, and time or place words.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from the individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with an adverb or preposition particle to produce a new meaning, as in 'put off' meaning postpone, often tested for correct particle choice.

One of two or more words that sound alike but differ in spelling or meaning, such as 'their' and 'there', a common source of spelling errors in objective tests.

वह शब्द जो संज्ञा के स्थान पर प्रयुक्त होकर वक्ता, श्रोता या किसी तीसरे व्यक्ति/वस्तु का बोध कराए, जैसे मैं, तुम, वह, ये।

हिंदी व्याकरण में दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन, जिसमें स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि प्रमुख भेद हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जिसके तत्पुरुष, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव आदि भेद परीक्षा में पूछे जाते हैं।