ESIC Stenographer flashcards
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31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Subject-verb agreement
- A verb agrees with its subject in number, not with a noun in an intervening phrase. In 'The box of pens is here', the singular subject 'box' takes 'is'.
- Present perfect with since
- Use present perfect for actions continuing from a past point to now. 'She has worked here since 2019' means the action started in 2019 and still continues.
- Active to passive voice
- The object becomes the subject, the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus the past participle, and the doer is introduced by 'by'. 'He wrote it' becomes 'It was written by him'.
- Indirect speech tense shift
- When the reporting verb is past, present tenses shift to past, 'will' to 'would', and time words change: 'today' to 'that day', 'tomorrow' to 'the next day'.
- Idiom: bury the hatchet
- To end a quarrel and become friendly again. It is used when two people stop fighting and make peace after a disagreement.
- Reverse alphabet value
- Each letter's reverse value equals 27 minus its forward position. A is 1 forward and 26 reverse; Z is 26 forward and 1 reverse.
- Syllogism 'some' conversion
- A statement 'some A are B' can be reversed to 'some B are A'. A statement 'all A are B' cannot be reversed to 'all B are A'.
- Blood relation symbols
- Use '+' for male and '−' for female, a horizontal line for siblings, and a vertical line for parent-child. This prevents confusion in family-tree questions.
- Clock hands coincidence
- The hour and minute hands coincide 11 times in every 12 hours, roughly every 65 minutes, and are opposite 11 times in 12 hours as well.
- Direction sense displacement
- After drawing each move on a compass sketch, net displacement is the straight-line distance from start to end, found using Pythagoras' theorem.
- Successive percentage change
- Two changes of a% and b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent. For a rise and fall of the same x%, the net change is a loss of x²/100 percent.
- Successive discount formula
- Discounts of a% and b% in succession equal a single discount of a + b − ab/100 percent. Two 10% discounts give 19%, not 20%.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount equals P times (1 + R/100) raised to T, so CI is that amount minus P. For half-yearly compounding, halve R and double T.
- Train crossing platform
- A train of length L crossing a platform of length P at speed v takes (L + P)/v seconds. To cross a pole, only the train's own length counts.
- Time and work together
- If A alone finishes in x days and B in y days, working together they finish in xy/(x + y) days, which is the harmonic-style combined rate.
- Alligation rule
- To mix two items of values a and b into a mean m, the ratio of quantities is (b − m) : (m − a), where a is lower and b higher.
- Divisibility by 11
- A number is divisible by 11 when the difference between the sum of digits in odd places and the sum in even places is 0 or a multiple of 11.
- ESIC governing act
- The Employees' State Insurance Corporation was created by the Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, and works under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
- ESIC benefits covered
- The scheme provides sickness, maternity, disablement, dependants', medical and funeral benefits to insured workers and their families under the ESI Act.
- RBI establishment
- The Reserve Bank of India was established on 1 April 1935 and nationalised in 1949. It manages monetary policy and sets the repo rate.
- Fundamental Duties added
- Fundamental Duties were inserted into the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
- Indian financial regulators
- SEBI regulates securities markets, IRDAI regulates insurance, PFRDA regulates pensions, and the RBI regulates banking, payments and currency in India.
- Pitman shorthand staff
- Shorthand is written on a three-line staff. Consonant strokes sit in first, second or third position, and that position indicates the vowel sound of the word.
- Grammalogues and logograms
- Grammalogues are signs for very common whole words such as 'the' and 'and'. Logograms are abbreviated outlines for other frequently used words.
- Shorthand circles and loops
- Small circles represent s or z at the start or end of a stroke. Loops represent st and str, attached at the end and beginning of strokes respectively.
- Dictation transcription routine
- Read back your own outlines daily, then type the passage and check spelling, punctuation and figures. Accuracy in transcription is scored alongside dictation speed.
- Typing speed calculation
- Words per minute equals characters typed divided by five, then divided by minutes elapsed. Net speed subtracts errors, so accuracy above 95% matters most.
- Touch typing home row
- The left hand rests on A, S, D, F and the right hand on J, K, L and semicolon. Thumbs stay on the space bar and fingers return after each keystroke.
- Common keyboard shortcuts
- Ctrl+C copies, Ctrl+X cuts, Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+Z undoes, Ctrl+Y redoes, Ctrl+S saves, Ctrl+P prints, and Ctrl+F opens find in most applications.
- RAM versus ROM
- RAM is volatile working memory that loses its contents when power is off. ROM is non-volatile and retains stored instructions permanently, such as firmware.
- DNS and HTTPS roles
- DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses. HTTPS encrypts browser-server traffic using TLS, protecting data such as passwords and form entries.