FCI Assistant Grade III key terms

A fraction expressed as a part per hundred, written with the % sign. Used to compare quantities and to solve increase, decrease, profit-loss and data-interpretation problems in quantitative aptitude.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind by division; a proportion states that two ratios are equal. Candidates use these to split amounts and solve partnership and mixture problems.

The sum of a set of values divided by the number of values. Questions often involve changes in average when a member joins or leaves a group, or when a wrong entry is corrected.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for the whole period, using the formula SI = P x R x T / 100, where P is principal, R the annual rate and T the time in years.

Interest computed on the principal plus previously earned interest, so the amount grows each period. The amount is P(1 + R/100)^T, and interest is the amount minus principal.

Profit is selling price minus cost price; loss is the reverse. Profit percentage is always calculated on cost price unless the question states otherwise, and successive discounts are applied one after another.

Distance equals speed multiplied by time. Variants cover relative speed of two moving bodies, trains crossing poles or platforms, and boats moving with or against a current.

Problems about how long people or machines take to finish a task, alone or together. The standard method converts each worker's rate into a fraction of the job done per day.

A variation of time-and-work problems where inlet pipes fill a tank and outlet pipes empty it. Rates are added for inlets and subtracted for outlets to find the net filling time.

Calculation of perimeter, area, surface area and volume of plane and solid figures such as triangles, circles, cylinders and spheres, using standard formulas and given dimensions.

A sequence of numbers following a hidden rule, such as constant differences, squares, cubes or alternating operations. The candidate identifies the pattern to find a missing or wrong term.

A pair of items linked by a specific relationship; the candidate must apply the same relationship to a second pair. Relationships may be functional, numerical, positional or part-to-whole.

A set of items sharing a common property, with one item that does not fit. The candidate identifies the shared rule and picks the exception, often using letter positions or category membership.

A word or sentence is converted into a code by shifting letters, reversing order or substituting symbols. The candidate decodes the rule and applies it to new words or messages.

Questions describing family links through statements or a family tree. Candidates trace relationships such as maternal uncle or sister-in-law, often using generation levels and gender markers.

Problems tracking a person's path using north, south, east and west turns. Candidates draw the route and compute final distance, often using the Pythagorean theorem for the shortest path.

Puzzles placing people around a circle or in a row based on clues about who sits next to, opposite or left of whom. Candidates fix positions step by step to answer the questions.

Logical reasoning from two or more statements called premises to a conclusion. Candidates test whether the conclusion necessarily follows, using Venn diagrams for All, Some and No statements.

A statement is given with proposed hidden assumptions. The candidate judges which assumptions are implicit, that is, necessary for the statement to make sense as written.

A word with the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'abundant' for 'plentiful'. Synonym questions test vocabulary depth and awareness of shades of meaning.

A word opposite in meaning to another, such as 'scarce' for 'abundant'. Antonym questions require the candidate to choose the option with the most directly contrasting meaning.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be derived from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag'. Candidates select the correct meaning or usage of the expression.

Replacing a descriptive phrase with a single precise word, for example 'one who studies stars' becomes 'astronomer'. These questions test vocabulary recall and precision of expression.

A sentence is divided into parts, one of which contains a grammatical error in tense, agreement, preposition or article. The candidate identifies the faulty part or states that none is wrong.

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, so a singular subject takes a singular verb. Collective nouns, either/or structures and intervening phrases commonly create traps.

A sentence with one or more gaps, where the candidate chooses the option that fits grammatically and contextually. Prepositions, articles, conjunctions and vocabulary are the usual targets.

दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को सन्धि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। हिन्दी व्याकरण में स्वर सन्धि, व्यंजन सन्धि और विसर्ग सन्धि के भेद प्रश्नों में पूछे जाते हैं।

दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव इसके भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो किसी मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसके अर्थ में परिवर्तन या विशेषता लाता है, जैसे 'प्र' + 'हार' = प्रहार। हिन्दी में संस्कृत, हिन्दी, उर्दू और विदेशी उपसर्ग प्रचलित हैं।

Six categories of rights guaranteed to citizens under Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom of speech, and constitutional remedies. They are enforceable in courts through writs.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution directing the state toward social and economic welfare. They are not enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and lawmaking.

The opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as its objectives.

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Changes in it influence liquidity, inflation and lending rates in the economy.

Actions by a central bank to manage money supply and credit conditions, mainly through policy rates, cash reserve ratio and open market operations, to control inflation and support growth.

The gap between total government expenditure and total receipts excluding borrowings. It shows how much the government must borrow in a year and is a key budget indicator.

Volatile primary memory that holds programs and data currently in use so the processor can read and write them quickly. Its contents are lost when power is switched off.

Non-volatile memory containing firmware and startup instructions that normally cannot be altered by the user. Data stored in ROM remains intact even when the computer is powered off.

System software that manages hardware, files and processes and provides a platform for application programs. Examples include Windows, Linux and Android, each offering a user interface and resource scheduling.

The address used to locate a resource on the internet, typically containing a protocol, domain name and path, such as https://example.com/page. It tells the browser where to fetch content from.

Application software that arranges data in rows and columns of cells and recalculates formulas automatically. Common uses include budgeting, tabulation and charting of numerical data in offices.

An accounting method in which every transaction is recorded with equal debit and credit effects in two or more accounts. It keeps the accounting equation and trial balance in agreement.

A statement listing all ledger account balances at a date to check that total debits equal total credits. It detects arithmetic errors but not errors of principle or complete omission.

The first record of a transaction in the books, showing the accounts debited and credited with amounts and a narration. Entries are later posted to the relevant ledger accounts.

The systematic allocation of the cost of a fixed asset over its useful life, reflecting wear, passage of time or obsolescence. Common methods are straight line and written down value.

A statement prepared to explain differences between the cash book balance and the bank passbook balance caused by cheques in transit, bank charges or direct deposits.

For a conductor at constant temperature, current is directly proportional to applied voltage, so V = IR. It underpins calculation of resistance, current and voltage in basic electrical circuits.

The ratio of real power to apparent power in an AC circuit, equal to the cosine of the phase angle between voltage and current. A low value means inefficient use of supply capacity.

Connecting exposed metal parts of electrical equipment to the ground through a low-resistance path so fault currents flow safely to earth, protecting people from electric shock.

Stress is internal force per unit area within a material; strain is the resulting deformation per unit length. Their ratio in the elastic range is the modulus of elasticity of the material.

The internal moment at a section of a beam that resists the applied loads and tends to bend it. Diagrams of shear force and bending moment are used to design beam sections.

The ratio of a material's ultimate or yield strength to the working stress allowed in design. A higher value gives a greater margin against failure from unexpected loads or defects.

A laboratory procedure to find the concentration of a solution by adding a standard solution of known concentration until the reaction reaches its endpoint, marked by an indicator colour change.

The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre of solution, expressed in mol/L or M. It changes slightly with temperature because solution volume expands or contracts.

A logarithmic scale from 0 to 14 measuring hydrogen ion concentration, where below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral and above 7 is basic. Each unit represents a tenfold change.