Gauhati High Court JAA flashcards

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Article 'an' usage

Use 'an' before a vowel sound, not merely a vowel letter: an hour, an MLA, an honest man, but a university and a European because those begin with consonant sounds.

Subject-verb agreement rule

A singular subject takes a singular verb; 'each', 'every', 'either', 'neither' take singular verbs; 'none' may be singular or plural depending on whether it means 'not one' or 'not any'.

Present perfect tense

Formed with has/have + past participle; used for actions completed in the past but relevant now, or continuing up to now, e.g., 'She has worked here since 2020.'

Passive voice formation

The object of an active sentence becomes the subject; the verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle; the original subject becomes 'by + agent' if needed.

Affect vs effect

'Affect' is usually a verb meaning to influence; 'effect' is usually a noun meaning a result. Example: The new rule affected staff, but its effect was small.

Idiom: bite the bullet

To face a difficult or unpleasant situation with courage and endure it. Example: She decided to bite the bullet and apologise for the mistake.

Prepositions of time

Use 'at' for clock times and night/noon; 'on' for days and dates; 'in' for months, years, seasons and long periods. Example: at 5 pm, on Monday, in July.

Direct to indirect speech

When reporting speech, present tenses usually shift to past, pronouns change according to the speaker, and time words change: today → that day, tomorrow → the next day.

Gauhati High Court establishment

The Gauhati High Court was established on 5 April 1948. Its principal seat is at Guwahati, with permanent benches at Kohima, Aizawl and Itanagar.

Assam state symbols

Assam's state animal is the one-horned rhinoceros, state bird is the white-winged wood duck, and state flower is the foxtail orchid (Kopou phul).

Fundamental Rights

Contained in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12–35), these rights include equality, freedom, protection from exploitation, religion, culture and education, and constitutional remedies.

Chandrayaan-3 landing

India's Chandrayaan-3 mission achieved a soft landing near the Moon's south pole on 23 August 2023, making India the first country to land in that region.

Kaziranga National Park

Located in Assam, Kaziranga is a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1985) famous for the great one-horned rhinoceros. It lies in the Golaghat and Nagaon districts.

High Court judge retirement

Judges of a High Court retire at the age of 62 years, while Supreme Court judges retire at 65. High Court judges are appointed by the President of India.

Orunodoi scheme

An Assam government scheme providing monthly financial assistance to eligible women from economically weaker households, credited directly to their bank accounts.

National Girl Child Day

Observed on 24 January in India to raise awareness about the rights of the girl child and to promote education, health and nutrition for girls.

Successive percentage change formula

If a quantity changes by a% and then by b%, the net percentage change is a + b + (ab/100). A 10% increase followed by 10% decrease gives a net 1% decrease.

Simple interest formula

Simple interest = (Principal × Rate × Time) / 100, where rate is per annum and time is in years. The amount is principal plus interest.

Compound interest formula

Compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1], where P is principal, R is annual rate and T is time in years. For two years, CI − SI = P(R/100)^2.

Profit percentage formula

Profit% = [(Selling Price − Cost Price) / Cost Price] × 100. Loss% uses the same denominator with Cost Price minus Selling Price in the numerator.

Time and work formula

If A completes a work in x days and B in y days, working together they finish it in xy/(x + y) days, because their combined one-day work is 1/x + 1/y.

Average formula

Average = sum of all observations divided by the number of observations. If every observation increases by k, the average also increases by k.

Ratio and proportion rule

If a:b = c:d, then the cross products are equal: ad = bc. The compound ratio of a:b and c:d is ac:bd.

Letter position coding

In the English alphabet, A=1, B=2, …, Z=26. The reverse position of a letter is 27 minus its forward position, so A=26 and Z=1.

Computer generations

First generation used vacuum tubes; second used transistors; third used integrated circuits; fourth used microprocessors; fifth is based on artificial intelligence.

Memory unit conversion

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 kilobyte (KB) = 1024 bytes; 1 megabyte (MB) = 1024 KB; 1 gigabyte (GB) = 1024 MB; 1 terabyte (TB) = 1024 GB.

MS Word shortcut keys

Ctrl+C copies, Ctrl+V pastes, Ctrl+X cuts, Ctrl+Z undoes, Ctrl+Y redoes, Ctrl+S saves, Ctrl+P prints and Ctrl+F opens the Find dialog.

Excel SUM function

The SUM function adds all numbers in a selected range, e.g., =SUM(A1:A10) adds values from A1 to A10. Formulas in Excel always begin with an equals sign.

Note and draft in office

A note records facts, precedents and the proposed decision on a file; a draft is the proposed outgoing communication prepared for approval and signature.

File movement stages

A file typically moves from receipt and diary through daak distribution to the dealing assistant, section officer, branch officer and head of department for orders.

Email CC and BCC

CC (carbon copy) sends a copy to recipients for information, visible to all; BCC (blind carbon copy) hides recipients' addresses from others for privacy.

Strong password practice

Use at least eight characters mixing uppercase, lowercase, digits and symbols; avoid personal details; never share OTPs; lock your computer with Windows + L when away.