HPTET JBT cheat sheet

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer support; scaffolding is temporary, gradually withdrawn assistance; inner speech follows egocentric speech.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-relevant crises: industry vs inferiority (6-12, the primary school years) and identity vs role confusion (adolescence); trust vs mistrust belongs to infancy.

Krashen's input hypothesis: comprehensible input at i+1 with a low affective filter; the silent period precedes production; errors are developmental, not signs of laziness.

Chomsky distinguishes competence (underlying knowledge) from performance (actual use); Skinner explains language by imitation, reinforcement and conditioning; Bruner advocates discovery learning and spiral curriculum.

Intelligence models: Spearman's g factor, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Guilford's SOI (divergent thinking = fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration).

Learning theories: Pavlov (classical conditioning), Thorndike (law of effect, trial and error), Skinner (operant conditioning, reinforcement schedules), Kohler (insight learning), Bandura (observational learning, self-efficacy).

Assessment rules: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic, summative is terminal; a test is valid if it measures what it claims, reliable if it gives consistent results; IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100.

स्वर 11 होते हैं (ह्रस्व 4, दीर्घ 7); व्यंजन 33 (स्पर्श 25, अंतःस्थ 4, ऊष्म 4); अनुनासिक 2 (अं, अः)।

वर्ण-विच्छेद: संयुक्त व्यंजन को अलग करना - क्ष = क्+ष, त्र = त्+र, ज्ञ = ज्+ञ, श्र = श्+र।

संधि: स्वर संधि (विद्या+आलय = विद्यालय), व्यंजन संधि (सत्+जन = सज्जन), विसर्ग संधि (निः+चय = निश्चय)।

समास: तत्पुरुष (राजपुत्र), कर्मधारय (नीलकमल), द्विगु (त्रिलोक), द्वंद्व (माता-पिता), बहुव्रीहि (दशानन), अव्ययीभाव (प्रतिदिन)।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं (अनु+शासन = अनुशासन); प्रत्यय दो प्रकार - कृत् (पढ़ना, लिखावट) और तद्धित (मानवता, भारतीय)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ), उपमा (सा, सम, इव), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो, जनु)।

रस के अंग - स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव, संचारी भाव; नौ रस: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत।

भाषा शिक्षण विधियाँ: प्रत्यक्ष विधि (सीधा लक्ष्य भाषा प्रयोग), व्याकरण-अनुवाद विधि, संरचनात्मक विधि; भाषा चार कौशल - श्रवण, वाचन, पठन, लेखन (क्रम में)।

Tense agreement: simple past with a definite past time marker (yesterday, in 1990); present perfect for past action with present relevance and no definite time.

Reported speech shifts: present to past, will to would, can to could; pronouns and time words shift (now to then, today to that day); questions become statements.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle); zero conditional for general truths.

Passive voice: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent optional with by; only transitive verbs take the passive.

Articles: a/an before singular countable nouns on first mention, the for unique or previously specified nouns, zero article for general plurals and abstract nouns.

Phonetics: 44 English phonemes in RP (24 consonants, 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs); stress placement changes word class (REcord noun, reCORD verb).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (sound alike, e.g. their/there), homograph (same spelling, different meaning), one-word substitution.

Teaching methods: communicative language teaching prioritises fluency and real interaction; direct method avoids the mother tongue; TPR links physical action to commands.

Place value: each position is ten times the one on its right; expanded form 4,532 = 4x1000 + 5x100 + 3x10 + 2.

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum is divisible by 3; by 9 if digit sum is divisible by 9; by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4; by 11 if the alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers; HCF divides LCM; HCF is found by prime factorisation or Euclid's algorithm.

Fractions: a/b + c/d uses the LCM denominator; division by a fraction equals multiplication by its reciprocal; decimal to fraction by place value (0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4).

Percentage and profit: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^n.

Area and perimeter: rectangle A = l x b, P = 2(l+b); triangle A = 1/2 x base x height; circle A = pi r^2, C = 2 pi r; volume of cuboid = l x b x h.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; speed = distance/time; unitary method solves proportion problems by finding the value of one unit first.

Geometry facts: sum of angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, of a quadrilateral 360 degrees; angles on a straight line sum to 180 degrees; vertically opposite angles are equal.

Piaget's number concept stages: pre-number (one-to-one matching), concrete counting, then operations; place-value errors are the most common primary arithmetic error.

EVS at the primary level integrates science, social studies and environment; its goals are awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude and participation (not rote recall of definitions).

Food chain direction: producer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer; energy flows one way and about 90 percent is lost at each trophic level (10 percent law).

Photosynthesis: chlorophyll traps sunlight; carbon dioxide plus water gives glucose plus oxygen; occurs in leaves, mainly in daylight.

Human systems: digestive (mouth to oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), respiratory (nose, trachea, lungs, alveoli), circulatory (heart, arteries, veins).

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; boiling point 100 degrees Celsius, freezing point 0 degrees Celsius at sea level.

Renewable resources (sun, wind, water, biomass) replenish; non-renewable (coal, petroleum, natural gas) do not; biodegradable waste decomposes, plastic does not.

Health basics: balanced diet has carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and roughage; deficiency diseases include scurvy (vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), anaemia (iron).

Community and civic concepts: panchayat, cooperative, market, transport, and local occupations; map reading uses directions, scale and conventional symbols.

Himachal Pradesh was formed as a Union Territory on 15 April 1948 by merging 30 princely states, and became the 18th full state on 25 January 1971 under the Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970.

Districts number 12; state capital is Shimla (summer) with Dharamshala as winter capital since 2017; official language Hindi, with Pahari dialects widely spoken.

State symbols: state animal snow leopard, state bird western tragopan (jujurana), state flower pink rhododendron (buransh), state tree Deodar cedar.

Rivers: Sutlej (longest in the state, enters at Shipki La), Beas (origin Beas Kund near Rohtang), Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna; the state lies in the Indus basin.

Mountain passes: Rohtang (connect Kullu to Lahaul), Baralacha La, Kunzum La, Shipki La, Sach Pass; Kangra valley is known as the valley of gods.

Key places: Shimla (former summer capital of British India), Manali, Kullu Dussehra, Dalhousie, Khajjiar, Chail, Spiti's Key Monastery, Great Himalayan National Park (UNESCO site).

Economy: hydropower generation, horticulture (apple, the state's major cash crop), tourism and forestry; Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej is a major power and irrigation project.

Governance: unicameral Vidhan Sabha; the state has a High Court at Shimla; Himachal shares borders with Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (short stretch), and Tibet (China) and Jammu and Kashmir.

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with adult or peer support; scaffolding is temporary, gradually withdrawn assistance; inner speech follows egocentric speech.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's school-relevant crises: industry vs inferiority (6-12, the primary school years) and identity vs role confusion (adolescence); trust vs mistrust belongs to infancy.

Krashen's input hypothesis: comprehensible input at i+1 with a low affective filter; the silent period precedes production; errors are developmental, not signs of laziness.

Chomsky distinguishes competence (underlying knowledge) from performance (actual use); Skinner explains language by imitation, reinforcement and conditioning; Bruner advocates discovery learning and spiral curriculum.

Intelligence models: Spearman's g factor, Thurstone's primary mental abilities, Gardner's multiple intelligences, Guilford's SOI (divergent thinking = fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration).

Learning theories: Pavlov (classical conditioning), Thorndike (law of effect, trial and error), Skinner (operant conditioning, reinforcement schedules), Kohler (insight learning), Bandura (observational learning, self-efficacy).

Assessment rules: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic, summative is terminal; a test is valid if it measures what it claims, reliable if it gives consistent results; IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100.

स्वर 11 होते हैं (ह्रस्व 4, दीर्घ 7); व्यंजन 33 (स्पर्श 25, अंतःस्थ 4, ऊष्म 4); अनुनासिक 2 (अं, अः)।

वर्ण-विच्छेद: संयुक्त व्यंजन को अलग करना - क्ष = क्+ष, त्र = त्+र, ज्ञ = ज्+ञ, श्र = श्+र।

संधि: स्वर संधि (विद्या+आलय = विद्यालय), व्यंजन संधि (सत्+जन = सज्जन), विसर्ग संधि (निः+चय = निश्चय)।

समास: तत्पुरुष (राजपुत्र), कर्मधारय (नीलकमल), द्विगु (त्रिलोक), द्वंद्व (माता-पिता), बहुव्रीहि (दशानन), अव्ययीभाव (प्रतिदिन)।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं (अनु+शासन = अनुशासन); प्रत्यय दो प्रकार - कृत् (पढ़ना, लिखावट) और तद्धित (मानवता, भारतीय)।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ), उपमा (सा, सम, इव), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), उत्प्रेक्षा (मानो, जनु)।

रस के अंग - स्थायी भाव, विभाव, अनुभाव, संचारी भाव; नौ रस: शृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत।

भाषा शिक्षण विधियाँ: प्रत्यक्ष विधि (सीधा लक्ष्य भाषा प्रयोग), व्याकरण-अनुवाद विधि, संरचनात्मक विधि; भाषा चार कौशल - श्रवण, वाचन, पठन, लेखन (क्रम में)।

Tense agreement: simple past with a definite past time marker (yesterday, in 1990); present perfect for past action with present relevance and no definite time.

Reported speech shifts: present to past, will to would, can to could; pronouns and time words shift (now to then, today to that day); questions become statements.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle); zero conditional for general truths.

Passive voice: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent optional with by; only transitive verbs take the passive.

Articles: a/an before singular countable nouns on first mention, the for unique or previously specified nouns, zero article for general plurals and abstract nouns.

Phonetics: 44 English phonemes in RP (24 consonants, 12 monophthongs, 8 diphthongs); stress placement changes word class (REcord noun, reCORD verb).

Vocabulary skills: synonym (same meaning), antonym (opposite), homophone (sound alike, e.g. their/there), homograph (same spelling, different meaning), one-word substitution.

Teaching methods: communicative language teaching prioritises fluency and real interaction; direct method avoids the mother tongue; TPR links physical action to commands.

Place value: each position is ten times the one on its right; expanded form 4,532 = 4x1000 + 5x100 + 3x10 + 2.

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum is divisible by 3; by 9 if digit sum is divisible by 9; by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4; by 11 if the alternating digit-sum difference is 0 or a multiple of 11.

LCM x HCF = product of the two numbers; HCF divides LCM; HCF is found by prime factorisation or Euclid's algorithm.

Fractions: a/b + c/d uses the LCM denominator; division by a fraction equals multiplication by its reciprocal; decimal to fraction by place value (0.25 = 25/100 = 1/4).

Percentage and profit: profit% = (SP - CP)/CP x 100; simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound amount = P(1 + R/100)^n.

Area and perimeter: rectangle A = l x b, P = 2(l+b); triangle A = 1/2 x base x height; circle A = pi r^2, C = 2 pi r; volume of cuboid = l x b x h.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; speed = distance/time; unitary method solves proportion problems by finding the value of one unit first.

Geometry facts: sum of angles of a triangle is 180 degrees, of a quadrilateral 360 degrees; angles on a straight line sum to 180 degrees; vertically opposite angles are equal.

Piaget's number concept stages: pre-number (one-to-one matching), concrete counting, then operations; place-value errors are the most common primary arithmetic error.

EVS at the primary level integrates science, social studies and environment; its goals are awareness, knowledge, skills, attitude and participation (not rote recall of definitions).

Food chain direction: producer, herbivore, carnivore, decomposer; energy flows one way and about 90 percent is lost at each trophic level (10 percent law).

Photosynthesis: chlorophyll traps sunlight; carbon dioxide plus water gives glucose plus oxygen; occurs in leaves, mainly in daylight.

Human systems: digestive (mouth to oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), respiratory (nose, trachea, lungs, alveoli), circulatory (heart, arteries, veins).

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection; boiling point 100 degrees Celsius, freezing point 0 degrees Celsius at sea level.

Renewable resources (sun, wind, water, biomass) replenish; non-renewable (coal, petroleum, natural gas) do not; biodegradable waste decomposes, plastic does not.

Health basics: balanced diet has carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and roughage; deficiency diseases include scurvy (vitamin C), rickets (vitamin D), anaemia (iron).

Community and civic concepts: panchayat, cooperative, market, transport, and local occupations; map reading uses directions, scale and conventional symbols.

Himachal Pradesh was formed as a Union Territory on 15 April 1948 by merging 30 princely states, and became the 18th full state on 25 January 1971 under the Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970.

Districts number 12; state capital is Shimla (summer) with Dharamshala as winter capital since 2017; official language Hindi, with Pahari dialects widely spoken.

State symbols: state animal snow leopard, state bird western tragopan (jujurana), state flower pink rhododendron (buransh), state tree Deodar cedar.

Rivers: Sutlej (longest in the state, enters at Shipki La), Beas (origin Beas Kund near Rohtang), Ravi, Chenab and Yamuna; the state lies in the Indus basin.

Mountain passes: Rohtang (connect Kullu to Lahaul), Baralacha La, Kunzum La, Shipki La, Sach Pass; Kangra valley is known as the valley of gods.

Key places: Shimla (former summer capital of British India), Manali, Kullu Dussehra, Dalhousie, Khajjiar, Chail, Spiti's Key Monastery, Great Himalayan National Park (UNESCO site).

Economy: hydropower generation, horticulture (apple, the state's major cash crop), tourism and forestry; Bhakra Dam on the Sutlej is a major power and irrigation project.

Governance: unicameral Vidhan Sabha; the state has a High Court at Shimla; Himachal shares borders with Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh (short stretch), and Tibet (China) and Jammu and Kashmir.