HPTET JBT flashcards
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32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance. It typically appears in the concrete operational stage, around age seven, and is absent in preoperational children.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can complete with guidance from a more capable person but cannot yet do alone. Teaching should target this range.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary support given by a teacher or peer, such as hints, models or prompts, that is gradually reduced as the learner gains competence and can work independently.
- Operant conditioning
- Skinner's principle that behaviour is shaped by its consequences: reinforcement increases a response while punishment decreases it. Schedules of reinforcement affect how quickly and firmly learning occurs.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing assessment during teaching, used to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction. It is diagnostic and feedback-oriented, unlike summative assessment, which grades achievement at the end of a unit.
- Multiple intelligences (Gardner)
- A model proposing several relatively independent intelligences, including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic, rather than a single general ability.
- स्वर और व्यंजन
- हिंदी में स्वर 11 हैं - ह्रस्व चार (अ, इ, उ, ऋ) और दीर्घ सात; व्यंजन 33 हैं, जिनमें स्पर्श 25, अंतःस्थ 4 और ऊष्म 4 हैं।
- संयुक्त व्यंजन
- दो व्यंजनों के मेल से बने वर्ण, जैसे क्ष, त्र, ज्ञ और श्र। वर्ण-विच्छेद करते समय इन्हें अलग-अलग व्यंजनों में तोड़ा जाता है।
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- वह समास जिसमें कोई भी पद प्रधान न होकर दोनों मिलकर किसी तीसरे अर्थ का बोध कराते हैं, जैसे दशानन का अर्थ दस मुख वाला रावण है।
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- वह अलंकार जिसमें एक ही वर्ण या वर्णसमूह की आवृत्ति एक से अधिक बार होती है, जिससे काव्य में ध्वनि-सौंदर्य उत्पन्न होता है।
- उपमा अलंकार
- जब उपमेय और उपमान की तुलना समानता के आधार पर की जाती है और सा, सम, इव, जैसा आदि वाचक शब्द आते हैं, तो उपमा अलंकार होता है।
- भाषा कौशल क्रम
- भाषा के चार कौशल श्रवण, वाचन, पठन और लेखन हैं। सामान्य अधिग्रहण क्रम में सुनना पहले और लिखना अंत में आता है।
- Reported speech shift
- When direct speech becomes indirect, present tenses usually shift to past, will to would, and can to could. Pronouns and time expressions also change, for example now to then.
- Third conditional
- A sentence pattern for unreal past situations: if plus past perfect in the condition clause, and would have plus past participle in the result, as in if I had studied, I would have passed.
- Passive voice
- A construction in which the object of an active sentence becomes the subject, the verb becomes be plus past participle, and the doer may appear after by. Only transitive verbs allow it.
- Homophone
- A word that sounds the same as another but has a different spelling and meaning, such as their and there, or right and write; it is distinguished from a homograph, which shares spelling.
- Communicative language teaching
- An approach that treats language as a tool for real interaction, so classroom activities stress meaningful communication, fluency and authentic tasks rather than isolated grammar drills and translation.
- Divisibility by 11
- A number is divisible by 11 if the difference between the sums of its alternate digits is zero or a multiple of 11, as with 2728, where 2 plus 2 equals 7 plus 8 minus 11.
- LCM and HCF relation
- For two positive integers, the product of their LCM and HCF equals the product of the numbers themselves; the HCF is always a factor of the LCM.
- Simple interest formula
- Interest calculated only on the original principal: SI equals principal times rate times time divided by one hundred, where the rate is per annum and time is in years.
- Area of a triangle
- Half the product of the base and the perpendicular height: A equals one half times base times height. The height must be measured perpendicular to the chosen base.
- Unitary method
- A technique for proportion problems in which the value of one unit is found first by division, then multiplied to obtain the required number of units.
- Angle sum of a triangle
- The three interior angles of any triangle add up to 180 degrees, so two known angles determine the third; in a quadrilateral the four angles total 360 degrees.
- Ten percent law
- In a food chain only about ten percent of the energy at one trophic level is passed to the next; the rest is lost mainly as heat, limiting the number of trophic levels.
- Photosynthesis
- The process by which green plants use chlorophyll to trap sunlight and combine carbon dioxide with water to make glucose, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
- Water cycle
- The continuous circulation of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection, driven by solar energy and gravity and maintaining Earth's fresh water supply.
- Balanced diet
- A diet containing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, roughage and water in correct proportions, supplying energy and materials for growth, repair and protection from disease.
- Biodegradable waste
- Waste that can be broken down by microorganisms, such as vegetable peels, paper and leaves, unlike plastics and glass, which persist in the environment for long periods.
- Himachal Pradesh statehood
- Himachal Pradesh became a Union Territory on 15 April 1948 and the eighteenth state of India on 25 January 1971 under the Himachal Pradesh Act, 1970.
- Himachal Pradesh state symbols
- The state animal is the snow leopard, the state bird the western tragopan, the state flower the pink rhododendron and the state tree the deodar cedar.
- Bhakra Dam
- A major concrete dam on the Sutlej in Himachal Pradesh, supplying hydropower and irrigation to several states; its reservoir is called Gobind Sagar.
- Rohtang Pass
- A high mountain pass in the Pir Panjal range that links the Kullu valley with Lahaul and Spiti, remaining snowbound for much of the winter.