Haryana CET Group D cheat sheet

Haryana was carved out of Punjab on 1 November 1966 on the recommendation of the Shah Commission; the day is observed as Haryana Day.

Haryana shares borders with Punjab and Chandigarh (north), Himachal Pradesh (northeast), Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh (east), and Rajasthan (south and west).

The state has 22 districts; Gurugram, Faridabad, Panipat, Sonipat, and Yamunanagar are major industrial centres, while Hisar and Rohtak are key education hubs.

Surajkund in Faridabad hosts the annual Surajkund International Crafts Mela; Kurukshetra is associated with the Mahabharata war and the Krishna-Arjuna dialogue of the Bhagavad Gita.

The National Sports Institute and major sports facilities are located in Patiala and Chandigarh region, while Haryana's own sports nursery is centred on Bhiwani, known as the 'Mini Cuba' of boxing.

Sultanpur National Park and Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary are Haryana's notable bird habitats; Kalesar and Morni Hills hold forest and hill terrain.

The Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950; the Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body under Article 324; the Comptroller and Auditor General is under Article 148, and the UPSC under Article 315.

Alphabet position rule: A=1 through Z=26; for reverse positions use 27 minus the forward position, so A=26 and Z=1.

Odd-one-out in letter series: check gaps between consecutive letters; a constant gap (e.g., +2, +3) makes the series regular, and the term breaking the gap is the answer.

Coding-decoding: for a shift code, find the letter difference between one plaintext-cipher pair, then apply the same shift to the target word; reverse the shift to decode.

Blood relations: draw a small family tree, marking male as +, female as −, and use 'my father's only son' = the speaker himself (male speaker) or the speaker's brother.

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid with North as +y and East as +x; net displacement = square root of (sum of x changes squared plus sum of y changes squared).

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; conclusions must hold in every possible Venn diagram of the premises.

Number series: test differences first; if differences are not constant, test ratios, then squares or cubes with a small offset (n squared plus 1, n cubed minus 1).

Ranking: if a person is nth from the left and mth from the right in a row, total persons = n + m − 1.

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; if each value is increased by k, the average increases by k.

Percentage change = (new value − old value) ÷ old value × 100; successive changes of a% then b% give a net change of a + b + ab/100 percent.

Profit and loss: profit% = profit ÷ cost price × 100; selling price = cost price × (100 + profit%) ÷ 100.

Simple interest = P × R × T ÷ 100; compound interest for 2 years = P[(1 + R/100) squared − 1], which equals simple interest plus interest on the first year's interest.

Time and work: if A alone takes x days and B alone takes y days, together they take xy ÷ (x + y) days.

Speed = distance ÷ time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18, and to convert m/s to km/h multiply by 18/5.

Ratio and proportion: if a : b = c : d then ad = bc; to divide a sum S in the ratio a : b, the shares are S × a/(a + b) and S × b/(a + b).

Area formulas: rectangle = length × breadth; circle = πr squared; triangle = ½ × base × height; volume of a cylinder = πr squared h.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; with 'either...or' and 'neither...nor', the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Articles: use 'a' before consonant sounds and 'an' before vowel sounds, so 'an hour' and 'a university' are correct because sound, not spelling, decides.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months, years and long periods; 'on' for days and dates; 'at' for exact clock times.

Present perfect (has/have + past participle) is used for past actions with present relevance or unstated time; the simple past is used with a definite past time marker.

Active to passive: move the object to the subject position and use the correct form of 'be' plus the past participle, keeping the tense unchanged.

Direct to indirect speech: change the reporting verb to 'said that', shift the tense one step back, and change pronouns according to the speaker-listener relationship.

Commonly confused pairs: 'affect' (verb, to influence) versus 'effect' (noun, result); 'principal' (main or head) versus 'principle' (rule or belief).

Idiom rule: 'a piece of cake' means something very easy, and 'once in a blue moon' means very rarely; idioms must be learnt as fixed units, not word by word.