IB JIO Grade-II Technical flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Fundamental Duties

Eleven duties in Article 51A (Part IVA), added by the 42nd Amendment 1976 on Swaran Singh Committee advice; they are non-justiciable moral obligations of citizens.

Repo rate

The rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities. Raising it tightens liquidity and is used to control inflation.

Atbash coding

A substitution cipher in which each letter is replaced by its reverse-position partner: A becomes Z, B becomes Y, and so on, so the alphabet is mirrored.

Syllogism validity rule

In categorical reasoning, a conclusion follows only if it is supported by every possible Venn arrangement of the premises; otherwise it is only a possibility.

Alligation rule

A shortcut for mixture problems: the ratio of quantities of two ingredients equals the differences between each price and the mean price, taken crosswise.

Compound interest formula

Amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T for annual compounding. Interest earned is A minus P; for half-yearly compounding use R/2 and 2T periods.

Subjunctive mood

Used for hypothetical or wished conditions, as in 'If I were you'. The verb 'were' replaces 'was' after wish, if, as though and suppose.

Oxymoron

A figure of speech pairing contradictory words for effect, such as 'deafening silence' or 'bitter sweet', producing a striking, paradoxical image in a phrase.

Escape velocity

The minimum speed needed to leave a body's gravity without further propulsion: sqrt(2gR), about 11.2 km/s for Earth at the surface.

Total internal reflection

When light travels from denser to rarer medium beyond the critical angle, it reflects entirely back. Basis of optical fibres and mirages.

Arithmetic mean of AP

For an arithmetic progression, the mean of all terms equals the average of the first and last terms, since deviations cancel symmetrically.

Second derivative test

At a stationary point where dy/dx = 0, a negative second derivative indicates a local maximum; a positive one indicates a local minimum.

Cache memory

Small, very fast memory between CPU and RAM storing recently used data. Levels L1, L2, L3 trade size for speed to reduce average access time.

Compiler versus interpreter

A compiler translates the whole source program into machine code before execution; an interpreter translates and runs it line by line, aiding debugging.

Three-way handshake

TCP connection setup: client sends SYN, server replies SYN-ACK, client sends ACK. Both sides then have synchronised sequence numbers.

Phishing

A social-engineering attack using fake emails, messages or websites that impersonate a trusted entity to steal credentials, card data or install malware.

Zener diode

A heavily doped diode operated in reverse breakdown, where voltage stays nearly constant. Used as a voltage regulator and reference in power supplies.

Nyquist sampling theorem

To reconstruct a band-limited signal without aliasing, sampling frequency must be at least twice its highest frequency component; otherwise overlap corrupts the signal.

Money bill

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or the Consolidated Fund, introduced only in Lok Sabha with President's recommendation; Rajya Sabha cannot amend it.

Number series with squares

Pattern where terms equal n squared plus or minus a constant, or differences themselves form squares; check second differences before concluding.

Relative speed

For two bodies moving in opposite directions, relative speed is the sum; in the same direction, it is the difference. Used in train crossing problems.

Active to passive voice

Object becomes subject, main verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle, and the original subject follows 'by' or is dropped.

Kirchhoff's voltage law

Around any closed loop, the algebraic sum of potential differences is zero, expressing conservation of energy in an electrical circuit.

Permutation versus combination

Permutations count ordered arrangements (nPr); combinations count selections where order is irrelevant (nCr). nCr equals nPr divided by r factorial.

Primary versus secondary memory

Primary memory (RAM, ROM, cache) is directly accessed by the CPU and fast; secondary memory (disk, SSD, tape) is non-volatile bulk storage.

Subnet mask

A 32-bit pattern separating the network and host parts of an IPv4 address. A /24 mask (255.255.255.0) allows 254 usable host addresses.

Frequency modulation

Carrier frequency varies with the modulating signal while amplitude stays constant, giving better noise immunity than AM but needing wider channel bandwidth.

Writ of mandamus

A court order commanding a public authority to perform a legal duty it has failed or refused to perform; not issued against private individuals.

Clock hand overlap

The minute and hour hands coincide 11 times every 12 hours, roughly every 65 minutes; the angle formula is |30H minus 5.5M| degrees.

Harmonic mean

For n values, the reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of their reciprocals. Used for averaging rates such as speeds over equal distances.

Photoelectric work function

The minimum energy needed to eject an electron from a metal surface. Incident photon energy below it produces no emission regardless of intensity.

OSI transport layer

Layer four provides end-to-end delivery, segmentation, flow control and error recovery; TCP and UDP operate here, above the network layer.