IGNOU B.Ed cheat sheet

Teaching is a purposeful, planned activity aimed at bringing about desired changes in learner behaviour; learning is the relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from experience, not maturation alone.

Bloom's taxonomy (cognitive domain), revised order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; the first three are lower-order, the last three higher-order objectives.

Affective domain order (Krathwohl): Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organisation, Characterisation by a value complex.

Psychomotor domain (Simpson): Perception, Set, Guided response, Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination.

Herbart's five steps: preparation, presentation, association/comparison, generalisation, application; these underlie the classic lesson-plan format.

Glaser's basic teaching model has four components: instructional objectives, entering behaviour, instructional procedures, and performance assessment.

Formative evaluation is conducted during instruction to diagnose and improve learning; summative evaluation is at the end to certify or grade achievement.

Norm-referenced tests compare a learner with peers (relative ranking); criterion-referenced tests compare performance with a fixed standard or mastery criterion.

Teaching aids are classified as audio (radio, tape), visual (charts, models, real objects), and audio-visual (film, television, computer); the more senses engaged, the better retention.

Skimming = fast reading for the main idea or gist; scanning = fast reading for a specific detail such as a date, name or number.

Inference questions ask what is implied but not stated; the answer must be supported by textual evidence, not by personal opinion.

Vocabulary-in-context: substitute each option into the sentence and check whether it preserves the passage's meaning and tone.

A synonym is a word of similar meaning; an antonym is a word of opposite meaning; a homonym shares spelling or sound but differs in meaning.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between subject and verb do not change the number (e.g., 'The list of items is long').

Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use the correct form of 'be' plus past participle, and add 'by' plus the agent when relevant.

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense one step back, change pronouns to the reporter's viewpoint, and adjust time and place words (now becomes then, today becomes that day).

Common confusables: affect (verb, to influence) vs effect (noun, result); principal (main/head) vs principle (rule); its (possessive) vs it's (it is).

Punctuation: a semicolon joins two independent clauses; a colon introduces a list or explanation; a comma cannot join two independent clauses (comma splice).

NEP 2020 replaced the 10+2 structure with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3-18, with foundational, preparatory, middle and secondary stages.

NEP 2020 targets 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio in school education by 2030 and universal foundational literacy and numeracy through the NIPUN Bharat mission.

NEP 2020 proposes a National Higher Education Regulatory Council, a National Accreditation Council, a Higher Education Grants Council and a General Education Council.

The Right to Education Act 2009 guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 and fixes pupil-teacher ratios and no-detention provisions.

NCTE regulates teacher education programmes; NCERT develops curricula and textbooks; NIOS offers open schooling; UGC coordinates higher education standards.

The National Curriculum Framework 2023 is the fifth NCF, prepared under the National Steering Committee chaired by K. Kasturirangan.

IGNOU, established in 1985, is a central open university; it operates through regional centres and learner support centres and is named after Indira Gandhi.

Sustainable Development Goal 4 commits nations to inclusive, equitable, quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030.

RTE Section 12(1)(c) mandates private unaided schools to reserve at least 25% of entry-level seats for children from disadvantaged and weaker sections.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' yields 'All A are C'; a valid conclusion must hold in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises.

The 'some' statements are reversible (Some A are B implies Some B are A), but 'all' statements are not reversible into 'all'.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then alternating or two interleaved series, then squares and cubes, before assuming any other pattern.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender and generation markers; vertical lines show parent-child, horizontal lines show siblings or spouses.

Direction sense: fix north upward, track net displacement on two perpendicular axes, and apply Pythagoras to find the shortest distance.

Coding-decoding: compute the letter shift (A=1 to Z=26) for each pair; constant shift, reverse alphabet (A=Z) and positional-sum codes are most common.

Analogy and classification questions rest on a single defining relation (part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym); reject options that fit only loosely.

Seating arrangement: in a linear row facing north, a person's left is the observer's left; when facing south, left and right are reversed.

Statement-assumption: an assumption is something unstated that the speaker must take for granted for the statement to make sense; it must be necessary, not merely likely.

Newton's second law: F = ma; momentum p = mv and impulse equals change in momentum; weight = mg, distinct from mass.

Ohm's law V = IR; resistors in series add (R = R1 + R2), in parallel add reciprocally (1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2).

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O in the presence of light and chlorophyll yields C6H12O6 + 6O2; it occurs in chloroplasts.

Acids turn blue litmus red and have pH below 7; bases turn red litmus blue and have pH above 7; neutral solutions have pH 7 at 25 degrees Celsius.

Quadratic formula: for ax squared + bx + c = 0, x = [-b plus or minus the square root of (b squared - 4ac)] divided by 2a; the discriminant b squared - 4ac decides the nature of the roots.

Area and volume: area of a circle = pi r squared; volume of a cylinder = pi r squared h; volume of a sphere = four-thirds pi r cubed.

The Indian Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly adopted it on 26 November 1949, now Constitution Day.

Fundamental Rights (Part III) are justiciable; Directive Principles (Part IV) are non-justiciable guidelines for state policy.

Figures of speech: simile uses like or as; metaphor states one thing is another; personification gives human qualities to non-human things; alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds.

Teaching is a purposeful, planned activity aimed at bringing about desired changes in learner behaviour; learning is the relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from experience, not maturation alone.

Bloom's taxonomy (cognitive domain), revised order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; the first three are lower-order, the last three higher-order objectives.

Affective domain order (Krathwohl): Receiving, Responding, Valuing, Organisation, Characterisation by a value complex.

Psychomotor domain (Simpson): Perception, Set, Guided response, Mechanism, Complex overt response, Adaptation, Origination.

Herbart's five steps: preparation, presentation, association/comparison, generalisation, application; these underlie the classic lesson-plan format.

Glaser's basic teaching model has four components: instructional objectives, entering behaviour, instructional procedures, and performance assessment.

Formative evaluation is conducted during instruction to diagnose and improve learning; summative evaluation is at the end to certify or grade achievement.

Norm-referenced tests compare a learner with peers (relative ranking); criterion-referenced tests compare performance with a fixed standard or mastery criterion.

Teaching aids are classified as audio (radio, tape), visual (charts, models, real objects), and audio-visual (film, television, computer); the more senses engaged, the better retention.

Skimming is fast reading for the main idea or gist; scanning is fast reading for a specific detail such as a date, name or number.

Inference questions ask what is implied but not stated; the answer must be supported by textual evidence, not by personal opinion.

Vocabulary-in-context: substitute each option into the sentence and check whether it preserves the passage's meaning and tone.

A synonym is a word of similar meaning; an antonym is a word of opposite meaning; a homonym shares spelling or sound but differs in meaning.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; phrases between subject and verb do not change the number (e.g., 'The list of items is long').

Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use the correct form of 'be' plus past participle, and add 'by' plus the agent when relevant.

Direct to indirect speech: shift tense one step back, change pronouns to the reporter's viewpoint, and adjust time and place words (now becomes then, today becomes that day).

Common confusables: affect (verb, to influence) vs effect (noun, result); principal (main/head) vs principle (rule); its (possessive) vs it's (it is).

Punctuation: a semicolon joins two independent clauses; a colon introduces a list or explanation; a comma cannot join two independent clauses (comma splice).

NEP 2020 replaced the 10+2 structure with a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3-18, with foundational, preparatory, middle and secondary stages.

NEP 2020 targets 100% Gross Enrolment Ratio in school education by 2030 and universal foundational literacy and numeracy through the NIPUN Bharat mission.

NEP 2020 proposes a National Higher Education Regulatory Council, a National Accreditation Council, a Higher Education Grants Council and a General Education Council.

The Right to Education Act 2009 guarantees free and compulsory education for children aged 6-14 and fixes pupil-teacher ratios and no-detention provisions.

NCTE regulates teacher education programmes; NCERT develops curricula and textbooks; NIOS offers open schooling; UGC coordinates higher education standards.

The National Curriculum Framework 2023 is the fifth NCF, prepared under the National Steering Committee chaired by K. Kasturirangan.

IGNOU, established in 1985, is a central open university; it operates through regional centres and learner support centres and is named after Indira Gandhi.

Sustainable Development Goal 4 commits nations to inclusive, equitable, quality education and lifelong learning for all by 2030.

RTE Section 12(1)(c) mandates private unaided schools to reserve at least 25% of entry-level seats for children from disadvantaged and weaker sections.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' yields 'All A are C'; a valid conclusion must hold in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises.

The 'some' statements are reversible (Some A are B implies Some B are A), but 'all' statements are not reversible into 'all'.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then alternating or two interleaved series, then squares and cubes, before assuming any other pattern.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with gender and generation markers; vertical lines show parent-child, horizontal lines show siblings or spouses.

Direction sense: fix north upward, track net displacement on two perpendicular axes, and apply Pythagoras to find the shortest distance.

Coding-decoding: compute the letter shift (A=1 to Z=26) for each pair; constant shift, reverse alphabet (A=Z) and positional-sum codes are most common.

Analogy and classification questions rest on a single defining relation (part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, synonym); reject options that fit only loosely.

Seating arrangement: in a linear row facing north, a person's left is the observer's left; when facing south, left and right are reversed.

Statement-assumption: an assumption is something unstated that the speaker must take for granted for the statement to make sense; it must be necessary, not merely likely.

Newton's second law: F = ma; momentum p = mv and impulse equals change in momentum; weight = mg, distinct from mass.

Ohm's law V = IR; resistors in series add (R = R1 + R2), in parallel add reciprocally (1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2).

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O in the presence of light and chlorophyll yields C6H12O6 + 6O2; it occurs in chloroplasts.

Acids turn blue litmus red and have pH below 7; bases turn red litmus blue and have pH above 7; neutral solutions have pH 7 at 25 degrees Celsius.

Quadratic formula: for ax squared + bx + c = 0, x = [-b plus or minus the square root of (b squared - 4ac)] divided by 2a; the discriminant b squared - 4ac decides the nature of the roots.

Area and volume: area of a circle = pi r squared; volume of a cylinder = pi r squared h; volume of a sphere = four-thirds pi r cubed.

The Indian Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950; the Constituent Assembly adopted it on 26 November 1949, now Constitution Day.

Fundamental Rights (Part III) are justiciable; Directive Principles (Part IV) are non-justiciable guidelines for state policy.

Figures of speech: simile uses like or as; metaphor states one thing is another; personification gives human qualities to non-human things; alliteration repeats initial consonant sounds.