IGNOU B.Ed flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Learning definition

A relatively permanent change in behaviour or potential behaviour produced by experience and practice, distinguished from temporary states such as fatigue and from maturation alone.

Bloom's revised taxonomy

Cognitive objectives ordered as Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate and Create; the first three are lower-order and the last three higher-order thinking outcomes.

Formative evaluation

Assessment carried out during instruction to diagnose learning gaps and adjust teaching; it is continuous and feedback-oriented rather than used for final grading or certification.

Criterion-referenced test

A test that interprets a learner's score against a fixed standard or mastery criterion, not against the performance of other learners in the group.

Glaser's basic teaching model

A model with four components: instructional objectives, entering behaviour of the learner, instructional procedures, and performance assessment of the resulting learning.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is rapid reading for the gist or main idea of a passage; scanning is rapid reading to locate a specific fact such as a date, name or number.

Inference in comprehension

A conclusion drawn from details stated in the passage but not explicitly written; it must be supported by textual evidence rather than personal opinion.

Active to passive voice

Object becomes subject, verb becomes a form of 'be' plus past participle, and the original subject becomes an optional 'by' phrase, keeping tense consistent.

Affect versus effect

Affect is usually a verb meaning to influence; effect is usually a noun meaning a result or consequence of a cause.

Comma splice

An error in which a comma joins two independent clauses without a conjunction; correct it with a semicolon, a period or a coordinating conjunction.

NEP 2020 school structure

The 10+2 pattern is replaced by a 5+3+3+4 design covering ages 3 to 18, spanning foundational, preparatory, middle and secondary stages including three years of preschool.

RTE Act 2009 age range

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act guarantees free and compulsory elementary education to every child aged six to fourteen years in India.

NIPUN Bharat mission

A national mission launched under NEP 2020 to ensure universal foundational literacy and numeracy for every child by the end of Grade 3.

IGNOU establishment year

Indira Gandhi National Open University was established in 1985 as a central open university, operating through regional centres and learner support centres across India.

SDG 4

The Sustainable Development Goal on education, committing countries to inclusive, equitable, quality education and lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030.

NCTE function

The National Council for Teacher Education sets norms and standards for teacher education programmes and regulates recognised teacher training institutions in India.

Valid syllogism rule

A conclusion is valid only if it necessarily follows from the premises in every possible arrangement; 'All A are B' and 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'.

Reversibility of 'some'

A particular affirmative statement can be converted: 'Some A are B' validly implies 'Some B are A', whereas a universal 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'.

Direction sense method

Fix north upward, record each move on horizontal and vertical axes, compute net displacement, then apply Pythagoras to obtain the shortest distance.

Letter coding shift

Assign A=1 through Z=26 and compare corresponding letters of the word and its code; a constant difference indicates a fixed forward or backward shift.

Necessary assumption

An unstated premise the speaker must take for granted for the statement to make sense; it must be required, not merely plausible or likely.

Facing south in seating

In a linear arrangement, persons facing south have their left towards the observer's right, so left-right positions reverse compared with persons facing north.

Ohm's law

At constant temperature, current through a conductor is directly proportional to potential difference across it, expressed as V = IR where R is resistance.

Photosynthesis equation

Six molecules of carbon dioxide plus six of water, using light energy and chlorophyll in chloroplasts, yield one glucose molecule and six oxygen molecules.

Quadratic discriminant

For ax squared + bx + c = 0, the value b squared - 4ac; positive gives two real roots, zero gives equal roots, negative gives no real roots.

Volume of a sphere

The volume enclosed by a sphere of radius r equals four-thirds times pi times r cubed, measured in cubic units.

Fundamental Rights versus DPSP

Fundamental Rights in Part III are enforceable in courts; Directive Principles in Part IV are non-justiciable guidelines directing state policy towards social and economic welfare.

Constitution commencement date

The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, now celebrated as Republic Day.

Simile and metaphor

A simile compares two things using 'like' or 'as'; a metaphor asserts that one thing is another without such a connector, implying the comparison directly.

Sum of interior angles

A polygon with n sides has interior angles summing to (n - 2) times 180 degrees; a triangle therefore totals 180 and a quadrilateral 360 degrees.

Herbartian five steps

A lesson sequence of preparation, presentation, association or comparison, generalisation, and application, forming the basis of the traditional lesson plan.

Teaching aid classification

Aids are grouped as audio (radio, tape recorder), visual (charts, models, real objects) and audio-visual (television, film, computer), engaging different senses.

Indirect speech tense shift

When converting direct to indirect speech, the reported verb usually moves one tense back, and time and place words shift, as 'today' becomes 'that day'.