Jharkhand B.Ed CET cheat sheet

Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar on 15 November 2000 as the 28th state of India; its capital is Ranchi and the High Court sits at Ranchi.

Jharkhand shares borders with Bihar (north), West Bengal (east), Odisha (south), Chhattisgarh (west) and Uttar Pradesh (northwest); it has no international border.

Major rivers: Damodar (coal belt, flows east into West Bengal), Subarnarekha, Barakar, Koel (North and South) and Kharkai; the Koel-Kharkai confluence lies in Ranchi district.

Leading mineral producer of India for coal, iron ore, mica and copper; key sites include Jharia (coal), Noamundi and Gua (iron ore), Koderma (mica) and Ghatsila (copper).

Important protected areas: Betla National Park (Palamu), Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary (near Jamshedpur), Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary and the Palamu Tiger Reserve.

Famous cultural markers: Chhau dance of Seraikela, Sohrai and Khovar wall painting, Paika and Jhumar dances, and festivals such as Karma, Sarhul, Tusu and Sohrai.

Birsa Munda (1875-1900) led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) movement; his birth anniversary, 15 November, is observed as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.

Constitutional offices: the Governor is appointed by the President; the Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor; Jharkhand sends 14 members to the Lok Sabha and 6 to the Rajya Sabha.

Static-science anchors often asked: SI unit of force is the newton, of pressure the pascal; speed of light about 3 x 10^8 m/s; pH below 7 is acidic; the powerhouse of the cell is the mitochondrion.

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+); conservation is mastered in the concrete operational stage.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience, self-interest), conventional (good boy, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between what a learner does alone and what they can do with guidance; scaffolding is temporary support withdrawn as competence grows.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; 'design a model' sits at Create, 'list' at Remember.

Thorndike's laws: Law of Readiness, Law of Exercise and Law of Effect; the last states that rewarded responses are strengthened.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov) pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned one; operant conditioning (Skinner) shapes behaviour through reinforcement and punishment schedules.

Assessment decision rule: formative assessment is ongoing and diagnostic, summative is terminal and graded; norm-referenced compares a learner to peers, criterion-referenced to a fixed standard.

Series rules to test: arithmetic (+d), geometric (x r), squares/cubes, alternating two-series, and differences that themselves form a pattern; letter series follow +n or reverse-alphabet jumps.

Direction and blood-relation items: draw the path or family tree on paper; net displacement uses Pythagoras when turns are at right angles, and 'my mother's only son' resolves to the speaker himself if male.

Subject-verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; with 'either...or'/'neither...nor' the verb agrees with the nearer subject; 'each, every, everyone, nobody' take singular verbs.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for unique or previously specified nouns.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links past action to now; past perfect (had + participle) marks the earlier of two past events; after 'since' use a perfect form.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for clock times; 'since' marks a point, 'for' a duration.

Voice change rule: the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive, verb becomes be + past participle, and the agent is introduced by 'by'.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts back one step, pronouns change by person (first person follows the speaker), and 'said to' becomes 'told' when an object is present.

Common error traps: 'one of the boys is' (singular verb), 'cope with' not 'cope up with', 'discuss' takes no 'about', 'senior/junior/superior' take 'to', 'married to'.

Comprehension method: read the questions first, locate the relevant sentence, and choose the option fully supported by the passage; extreme words like 'always' or 'never' usually signal a wrong inference.

Vocabulary strategy: infer meaning from context and word roots (-bene- good, -mal- bad, -cred- believe, -dict- say); synonyms must match the part of speech used in the stem.

स्वर 11 और व्यंजन 33 माने जाते हैं; स्वर के भेद: ह्रस्व-दीर्घ, प्लुत तथा अयोगवाह (अं, अः)।

वर्ण विचार: अल्पप्राण-महाप्राण, घोष-अघोष तथा अनुनासिक-निरनुनासिक के आधार पर व्यंजनों का वर्गीकरण होता है; 'क' वर्ग कंठ्य है।

संधि के प्रकार: स्वर संधि (दो स्वर), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि), सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि)।

समास के भेद: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य), द्विगु (संख्यावाची), अव्ययीभाव (पूर्व पद अव्यय)।

उपसर्ग अर्थ बदलते हैं (अनु + शासन = अनुशासन), प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ते हैं (कृ + ति = कृति); कृत् प्रत्यय क्रिया से, तद्धित संज्ञा-विशेषण से जुड़ते हैं।

कारक चिह्न: कर्ता 'ने', कर्म 'को', करण 'से/के द्वारा', संप्रदान 'के लिए', अपादान 'से (अलग होना)', अधिकरण 'में/पर'; वाक्य में क्रिया कर्ता के लिंग-वचन के अनुसार चलती है।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (सा/सम/जैसा), रूपक (अभेद आरोप), यमक (शब्द आवृत्ति, भिन्न अर्थ), श्लेष (एक शब्द, अनेक अर्थ)।

रस के नौ भेद हैं; श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत रस; 'वीर' का स्थायी भाव उत्साह है।

गद्यांश हल करने का क्रम: प्रश्न पहले पढ़ें, कीवर्ड ढूँढें, फिर वही विकल्प चुनें जो अंश से सीधे पुष्ट हो; 'सर्वथा/कदापि' जैसे निरपेक्ष शब्द प्रायः गलत विकल्प की ओर संकेत करते हैं।