JKSSB Finance/Accounts Assistant cheat sheet

Jammu & Kashmir became a Union Territory on 31 October 2019 under the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019; Ladakh was carved out as a separate UT on the same date.

The Instrument of Accession was signed by Maharaja Hari Singh on 26 October 1947; the Jammu & Kashmir Accord (Indira–Sheikh Accord) dates to 1975.

J&K has two capitals by season: Srinagar (summer) and Jammu (winter); the High Court of J&K and Ladakh sits at Srinagar and Jammu.

Major rivers: Jhelum (Vitasta) rises at Verinag, Chenab (Chandrabhaga) at Tandi in Himachal, Ravi, Tawi (a Chenab tributary flowing through Jammu).

Wular Lake in Bandipora is one of Asia's largest freshwater lakes; Dal Lake in Srinagar is famous for houseboats and shikaras.

Key passes: Banihal (Jawahar Tunnel), Zoji La (Srinagar–Leh road), Khardung La, Pir Panjal range separates Jammu from the Valley.

Notable institutions: Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine at Katra (Reasi district), Amarnath cave shrine in Anantnag, Salim Ali National Park and Dachigam (hangul deer).

J&K's traditional crafts include Pashmina shawls, Kani weaving, papier-mâché, walnut wood carving, and saffron cultivation in Pampore (Karewa soil).

Subject–verb agreement: a singular subject takes a singular verb; 'one of + plural noun' takes a singular verb ('One of the boys is absent').

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds ('an hour', 'a university'); 'the' for unique or previously specified nouns.

Prepositions of time: in (months/years), on (days/dates), at (clock time); 'since' with a point in time, 'for' with a duration.

Active to passive: object becomes subject + form of 'be' + past participle + 'by' agent; tense of the original verb is preserved.

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns to the speaker's perspective, shift tense one step back, and adjust time/place words (now→then, today→that day).

Common confusables: affect (verb)/effect (noun); principal (head)/principle (rule); stationary (fixed)/stationery (writing material); complement/compliment.

Conditionals: first (if + present, will + base), second (if + past, would + base), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Idioms to recognise: 'to beat about the bush' (avoid the point), 'a bolt from the blue' (sudden shock), 'to burn the midnight oil' (work late).

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating or prime-based patterns before assuming a rule.

Letter positions A=1 … Z=26; reverse positions A=26 … Z=1; EJOTY mnemonic fixes E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25.

Coding–decoding: identify shift (+n, −n), reversal, or letter-pair substitution; apply the same rule consistently to the target word.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use '+' for male and '−' for female, horizontal lines for siblings, vertical for parent–child.

Direction sense: fix north upward; right turn = 90° clockwise, left turn = 90° anticlockwise; final displacement uses Pythagoras for right-angle paths.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams; a conclusion is valid only if it holds in every possible diagram consistent with the premises.

Odd-one-out and analogy: test semantic category, number properties (prime, perfect square), or letter-position parity.

Seating arrangement: for linear rows note left/right relative to facing direction; for circles, clockwise/anticlockwise reverses when facing changes.

Percentage change = (new − old)/old × 100; successive changes of a% and b% give net a + b + ab/100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest = P[(1 + R/100)^T − 1]; CI − SI for 2 years = P(R/100)².

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount% is always on marked price; SP = MP(1 − d/100).

Speed = distance/time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s; for a train of length L crossing a pole, time = L/speed.

Average = sum of items / number of items; if one item changes by x, the average changes by x/n.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; partnership profit shares follow capital × time.

Time and work: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days.

Mensuration: area of circle = πr², circumference = 2πr; volume of cylinder = πr²h; area of triangle = ½ × base × height.

MS Word: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+I italic, Ctrl+U underline, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo, Ctrl+F find; mail merge uses a main document plus a data source.

MS Excel: every formula begins with '='; relative references (A1) shift on copy, absolute references ($A$1) do not; F4 toggles the reference type.

Excel functions: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT (numbers only), COUNTA (non-empty), IF(condition, true, false), VLOOKUP(lookup, table, col_index, FALSE) for exact match.

Common Excel errors: #DIV/0! (divide by zero), #REF! (deleted reference), #VALUE! (wrong data type), #N/A (lookup value not found).

MS PowerPoint: F5 starts the slideshow from the beginning, Shift+F5 from the current slide; slide master controls global formatting.

Computer basics: RAM is volatile, ROM is non-volatile; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB; OS examples include Windows and Linux.

E-governance: Digital India, Aadhaar-based DBT (Direct Benefit Transfer), PFMS for payment tracking, GeM for government procurement, UMANG for citizen services.

Digital signatures use asymmetric cryptography: the private key signs, the public key verifies; they provide authenticity, integrity and non-repudiation.

Golden rules: debit the receiver and credit the giver (personal); debit what comes in, credit what goes out (real); debit expenses/losses, credit incomes/gains (nominal).

Accounting equation: Assets = Liabilities + Capital; every transaction keeps it balanced (double-entry).

Journal entry format: date, particulars (debit account first, credit account indented), L.F., debit amount, credit amount, narration.

Ledger posting: debit entries go to the debit side of the account, credit entries to the credit side; balance c/d carries the difference forward.

Trial balance: lists debit and credit balances; total debits must equal total credits. It detects arithmetic errors but not errors of principle or complete omission.

Trading account gives gross profit = net sales − cost of goods sold; COGS = opening stock + purchases + direct expenses − closing stock.

Profit & Loss account gives net profit = gross profit + other income − indirect expenses; it is prepared after the trading account.

Balance sheet is a statement (not an account) of assets, liabilities and capital on a date; it must balance: Assets = Liabilities + Capital (after profit adjustment).

Budget cycle: preparation by the executive, legislative authorisation (appropriation), execution by departments, and audit by the CAG.

Vote-on-account grants advance funds for part of the year when the full budget is not yet passed; appropriation act authorises expenditure from the Consolidated Fund.

Consolidated Fund: all government receipts and expenditure; withdrawal needs legislative approval. Public Account: funds where government acts as banker (e.g., GPF, deposits). Contingency Fund: advances for unforeseen expenditure, later regularised.

Treasury functions: receipt and payment of government money, custody of cash balances, accounting and reconciliation with departmental figures.

Bill vs voucher: a bill is a claim for payment supported by documents; a voucher is the accounting document authorising and recording the payment.

GPF (General Provident Fund): monthly subscription from salary, government credit, interest credited annually; withdrawals and advances follow prescribed rules.

Audit types: internal (departmental), pre-audit (before payment), post-audit (after payment by CAG), performance audit, and propriety audit.

Book-keeping vs accounting: book-keeping records transactions; accounting summarises, interprets and reports them.

Cash book: a dual-purpose book that is both journal and ledger; cash column and bank column; contra entry when cash is deposited or withdrawn from bank.

Petty cash imprest system: a fixed float is given to the petty cashier, who is reimbursed for the exact amount spent.

Bank reconciliation statement: starts with the cash book balance (or pass book balance) and reconciles to the other; items include cheques issued but not presented, cheques deposited but not cleared, bank charges, interest, direct deposits and standing orders.

If cash book shows a debit balance, add cheques issued but not presented and deduct cheques deposited but not credited to reach the pass book balance.

Stores accounting: bin cards record quantity in a store bin; stores ledger records quantity and value; both must agree.

Valuation methods: FIFO (first in first out), LIFO (last in first out), weighted average = total cost of goods available / total units available.

Physical verification of stores: periodic stock-taking, reconciliation with bin cards and stores ledger, and reporting of discrepancies, shortages and obsolete items.

Government cash management: all receipts must be banked intact; no money may be drawn except for authorised purposes; cash books are reconciled with treasury/bank figures monthly.

J&K financial rules follow the broad framework of the Jammu and Kashmir Financial Code (volumes I and II) and Treasury Rules, which govern drawal, custody and disbursement of government money.

Every government servant must ensure that money received is credited to the government account and that no expenditure exceeds the sanctioned grant or appropriation.

Pay and allowances are drawn on a pay bill supported by the service book, posting order and attendance record; the Drawing and Disbursing Officer (DDO) certifies correctness.

Leave rules typically cover casual leave, earned leave, medical leave, maternity leave and extraordinary leave; leave is sanctioned by the competent authority and recorded in the service book.

GPF subscriptions, advances and withdrawals are governed by the General Provident Fund rules applicable to J&K government employees; final withdrawal is admissible on retirement or specified events.

Travelling allowance claims require a TA bill with journey details, entitlement class and supporting certificates; the claim is checked against the employee's grade pay and rules.

Pension and retirement benefits are sanctioned on the basis of qualifying service, last pay drawn and service verification; the Accountant General/treasury processes the pension case.

Disciplinary and conduct matters follow the applicable civil services (classification, control and appeal) rules, with inquiry procedures and appeal rights against penalties.