JKSSB Panchayat Secretary cheat sheet

Constitutional offices and their holders as of recent years: President Droupadi Murmu (since July 2022), Vice-President Jagdeep Dhankhar (since August 2022), Chief Justice of India appointed in 2022 (U. U. Lalit), succeeded by D. Y. Chandrachud in November 2022.

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019 came into force on 31 October 2019, creating two Union Territories: Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislature) and Ladakh (without a legislature).

Article 370 was abrogated by Presidential Order on 5 August 2019; Article 35A ceased to operate the same day.

G20 Summit hosted by India in New Delhi, September 2023; theme 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam - One Earth, One Family, One Future'; African Union admitted as permanent member.

Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023; India became the fourth country to soft-land on the Moon; lander named Vikram, rover Pragyan.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; Governing Council chaired by the Prime Minister includes all Chief Ministers and UT Lieutenant Governors.

Key national days: Republic Day 26 January, Independence Day 15 August, Constitution Day 26 November, National Panchayati Raj Day 24 April.

RBI monetary policy: repo rate is the key policy rate; CPI inflation target is 4% with a tolerance band of 2%–6% under the flexible inflation targeting framework (2016).

Jammu and Kashmir lies between 32°17′N–37°06′N latitude and 73°26′E–80°30′E longitude; total area about 2,22,236 sq km including Pakistan-occupied and China-occupied areas.

Jhelum (Vitasta) rises at Verinag, flows through the Kashmir Valley, and is the valley's main river; Chenab (Chandrabhaga) is the largest river by volume; Tawi flows through Jammu city.

Wular Lake is India's largest freshwater lake by area and lies in Bandipora district; Dal Lake is in Srinagar; Pangong Tso lies in Ladakh.

Pir Panjal range separates the Kashmir Valley from Jammu; Banihal Pass (Jawahar Tunnel) is the traditional road link; Zoji La connects Srinagar with Kargil and Ladakh.

Jammu and Kashmir has a bicameral legislature historically: Legislative Assembly (87 seats) and Legislative Council (36 seats); the Council was abolished by the 2019 Reorganisation Act.

Districts: 20 districts in the UT of Jammu and Kashmir (10 in Jammu division, 10 in Kashmir division); Ladakh UT has 2 districts (Leh, Kargil).

Major festivals: Tulip Festival (Srinagar), Shikara Festival (Dal Lake), Bahu Mela (Jammu), Hemis Festival (Ladakh), Urs at Hazratbal.

Srinagar is the summer capital; Jammu is the winter capital; the High Court of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh sits at Srinagar and Jammu.

Indus Valley Civilization sites in the region: Manda (Jammu, on Chenab), Burzahom (Neolithic site near Srinagar), and Harwan (Kushan-era Buddhist site).

Lalitaditya Muktapida of the Karkota dynasty (8th century CE) ruled Kashmir and is credited with building the Martand Sun Temple.

Kashmir Shaivism was systematised by Abhinavagupta (10th–11th century CE); his works include Tantraloka and Abhinavabharati.

The Treaty of Amritsar (1846) transferred Kashmir to Gulab Singh of Jammu for 7.5 million Nanakshahi rupees, founding Dogra rule that lasted until 1947.

Srinagar's Mughal gardens: Nishat Bagh (Asaf Khan, 1633), Shalimar Bagh (Jahangir, 1619), Chashme Shahi (Ali Mardan Khan, 1632).

Kashmiri language (Koshur) is a Dardic language written in Sharada historically and Perso-Arabic script today; Dogri is a recognised Scheduled language (8th Schedule, 2003).

Geography: Karewas are lacustrine deposits of the Kashmir Valley used for saffron cultivation (Pampore); the Kashmir Valley is a synclinal basin drained by the Jhelum.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Article 14 (equality), 19 (six freedoms), 21 (life and personal liberty), 32 (writs) are frequently tested.

Writs under Article 32 (Supreme Court) and Article 226 (High Courts): habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, quo warranto.

Directive Principles are in Part IV (Articles 36–51); Article 40 directs the State to organise village panchayats; Article 44 uniform civil code; Article 48A environment.

73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 inserted Part IX (Articles 243–243O) and Eleventh Schedule (29 subjects); 74th Amendment inserted Part IXA (municipalities).

Article 243D reserves seats for SCs and STs in proportion to population; not less than one-third of seats reserved for women; Article 243E fixes a five-year term.

Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019: Section 13 provides for the Legislative Assembly of the UT of J&K; Section 96 provides for reservation of seats for women.

The Constitution (Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order, 2019 replaced the earlier 1954 Order, making the Constitution of India applicable to J&K in full.

Elections: Election Commission of India conducts Lok Sabha and Assembly elections; State Election Commission conducts panchayat and municipal elections (Article 243K).

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'one of the + plural noun' takes a singular verb (One of the boys is absent).

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' with superlatives and unique objects.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) for past action with present relevance; past perfect (had + past participle) for the earlier of two past actions.

Voice: active to passive shifts object to subject and uses be + past participle; only transitive verbs can be passivised.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two.

Idioms: 'a bolt from the blue' = sudden shock; 'to burn the midnight oil' = to study or work late; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense in reported clause changes to past; 'said to' becomes 'told'; time words shift (today → that day, tomorrow → the next day).

Common confusions: 'affect' (verb) vs 'effect' (noun); 'principal' (head/main) vs 'principle' (rule); 'stationary' (not moving) vs 'stationery' (writing material).

SI units: force newton (N), work joule (J), power watt (W), pressure pascal (Pa), frequency hertz (Hz), electric current ampere (A).

Newton's laws: F = ma; every action has an equal and opposite reaction; a body continues in uniform motion unless acted on by a net force.

Human body: heart has four chambers; the largest gland is the liver; the smallest bone is the stapes; blood pH is about 7.4; RBC lifespan about 120 days.

Vitamins: A (retinol, deficiency night blindness), B1 (beriberi), C (scurvy), D (rickets), K (clotting).

Percentage and profit/loss: SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100; loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100.

Simple interest SI = P × R × T / 100; compound amount A = P(1 + R/100)^T.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; speed = distance / time; 1 km/h = 5/18 m/s.

Area and volume: circle area πr²; triangle area ½ × base × height; cylinder volume πr²h; sphere volume (4/3)πr³.

Three-tier panchayat structure: Gram Panchayat at village level, Panchayat Samiti (Block) at intermediate level, Zilla Parishad at district level (Article 243B).

Gram Sabha consists of all persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village (Article 243A); it is the foundation of the panchayat system.

Eleventh Schedule lists 29 subjects including agriculture, land improvement, minor irrigation, rural housing, drinking water, and poverty alleviation.

Gram Panchayat tenure is five years; elections must be completed before expiry or within six months of dissolution (Article 243E).

Jammu and Kashmir Panchayati Raj Act, 1989 (as amended) governs panchayats in J&K; Halqa Panchayat is the village-level body, Block Development Council at block level, and District Development Council at district level.

MGNREGA (2005) guarantees 100 days of unskilled wage employment per rural household per year; wages must be paid within 15 days.

Finance Commission (Article 243I) recommends distribution of taxes to panchayats; State Finance Commission is constituted every five years.

PESA Act, 1996 extends panchayat provisions to Fifth Schedule areas with special powers for Gram Sabha in Scheduled Areas.

Generations of computers: first (vacuum tubes), second (transistors), third (integrated circuits), fourth (microprocessors), fifth (AI).

Memory units: 1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB; 1 TB = 1024 GB.

MS Word shortcuts: Ctrl + B bold, Ctrl + I italic, Ctrl + U underline, Ctrl + S save, Ctrl + P print, Ctrl + Z undo, Ctrl + Y redo.

MS Excel: formulas begin with '='; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, MAX, MIN are common functions; cell references A1 (relative), $A$1 (absolute).

MS PowerPoint: F5 starts slideshow from beginning; Shift + F5 starts from current slide; Ctrl + M inserts a new slide.

Internet basics: HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol), URL (Uniform Resource Locator), IP address identifies a device; DNS translates domain names to IP addresses.

Shortcuts: Ctrl + C copy, Ctrl + V paste, Ctrl + X cut, Alt + Tab switch applications, Ctrl + Alt + Del security options.

File extensions: .docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel), .pptx (PowerPoint), .pdf (Portable Document Format), .jpg (image).

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares, cubes, and alternating patterns before concluding a rule.

Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1, B=2 … Z=26; reverse positions A=26, B=25 … Z=1; shift patterns often use +1, +2, −1.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; 'maternal' refers to mother's side, 'paternal' to father's side; 'brother's son' = nephew.

Direction sense: draw compass with North up; right turn = clockwise 90°, left turn = anticlockwise 90°.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some A are B' implies 'Some B are A'.

Calendar: ordinary year shifts weekday by 1, leap year by 2; century years divisible by 400 are leap years.

Clock: minute hand moves 6° per minute, hour hand 0.5° per minute; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours.

Analogy and classification: identify the relationship (part-whole, cause-effect, synonym, antonym) before choosing the pair.