JSSC CGL cheat sheet

History: Permanent Settlement 1793 (Cornwallis, Bengal); Ryotwari (Munro, Madras); Mahalwari (North-West Provinces).

History: Indian National Congress founded 1885 in Bombay; partition of Bengal 1905; Jallianwala Bagh massacre 13 April 1919.

Geography: Tropic of Cancer passes through 8 Indian states; longest river Ganga (about 2,525 km); westernmost point is Guhar Moti, Gujarat.

Polity: Article 12 defines 'State'; Article 13 makes laws inconsistent with Fundamental Rights void; Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies.

Polity: Money Bill defined in Article 110; can be introduced only in Lok Sabha with President's recommendation; Rajya Sabha has 14 days to recommend.

Economics: GDP = C + I + G + (X − M); fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts excluding borrowings.

Economics: Repo rate is the rate at which RBI lends to banks; reverse repo absorbs liquidity; CRR and SLR are reserve requirements.

Science: Newton's second law F = ma; work = force × displacement; power = work/time; SI unit of force is newton (kg·m/s²).

Science: Human blood groups A, B, AB, O; O negative is the universal donor; AB positive is the universal recipient.

Indian institutions: RBI established 1935, nationalised 1949; SEBI established 1988, statutory powers 1992; NITI Aayog replaced Planning Commission in 2015.

Space: ISRO founded 1969; Chandrayaan-1 (2008) confirmed lunar water; Chandrayaan-3 soft-landed near the lunar south pole on 23 August 2023.

Awards: Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award, instituted 1954; Param Vir Chakra is the highest wartime gallantry award.

International: United Nations founded 1945, headquarters New York; SAARC founded 1985 in Dhaka; BRICS formed 2009 (BRIC summit) with South Africa joining 2010.

Sports: Olympic Games held every four years; Khelo India and the Arjuna Award recognise Indian sportspersons; Ranji Trophy is first-class cricket.

Environment: Montreal Protocol (1987) targets ozone-depleting substances; Paris Agreement (2015) aims to limit warming well below 2°C.

Economy current terms: CPI measures retail inflation, WPI measures wholesale price change; GST launched 1 July 2017 with a GST Council chaired by the Union Finance Minister.

Static GK: National Symbols - tiger (animal), peacock (bird), lotus (flower), Ganga (river), Saka (calendar); currency symbol ₹ designed by D. Udaya Kumar.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100)×N; successive change of a% and b% equals a + b + ab/100 percent.

Profit and loss: profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount% = (MP − SP)/MP × 100; SP = MP × (100 − d)/100.

Simple interest SI = PRT/100; compound interest A = P(1 + R/100)^T, CI = A − P.

Time-speed-distance: distance = speed × time; to convert km/h to m/s multiply by 5/18; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x + y).

Time and work: if A does a job in x days and B in y days, together they take xy/(x + y) days; efficiency is inversely proportional to time.

Ratio and mixtures: in a two-part mixture, alligation gives (cheaper quantity)/(dearer quantity) = (dearer price − mean)/(mean − cheaper price).

Mensuration: area of circle = πr²; volume of cylinder = πr²h; volume of sphere = (4/3)πr³; total surface area of cube = 6a².

Averages and numbers: average = sum/count; sum of first n natural numbers = n(n+1)/2; HCF × LCM = product of two numbers.

Number series: check differences (constant, increasing, or alternating), then ratios, then squares/cubes with offsets.

Coding-decoding: find the shift pattern (e.g., +2 letters) or reversal/opposite-letter rule (A↔Z, B↔Y) before answering.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; vertical line for parent-child, horizontal for siblings; 'maternal' refers to mother's side.

Direction sense: fix north at the top; use Pythagoras (shortest distance = √(x² + y²)) for displacement questions.

Syllogism: apply Venn diagrams; 'All A are B' does not imply 'All B are A'; 'Some' statements are reversible, 'All' are not.

Seating arrangement: for circular arrangements facing the centre, left means clockwise and right means anticlockwise.

Analogy and classification: identify the relation type - part-whole, cause-effect, worker-tool, or synonym-antonym - before selecting the option.

Calendar and clock: odd days of a normal year = 1, leap year = 2; clock hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours; angle = |30H − 5.5M| degrees.

संधि: स्वर संधि (दो स्वरों का मेल), व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि - जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास: तत्पुरुष (अंतिम पद प्रधान), द्वंद्व (दोनों पद प्रधान), बहुव्रीहि (अन्य पद प्रधान), कर्मधारय (विशेषण-विशेष्य)।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़ता है (प्र + हार = प्रहार); प्रत्यय अंत में (लड़क + पन = लड़कपन)।

वाक्य शुद्धि: कर्ता-क्रिया अन्वय, लिंग-वचन-काल का मेल तथा 'ने' के साथ कर्म के अनुसार क्रिया का प्रयोग देखें।

मुहावरे और लोकोक्तियाँ: 'अंधे की लाठी' का अर्थ है एकमात्र सहारा; 'नौ-दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ है भाग जाना।

पर्यायवाची और विलोम: 'सूर्य' के पर्यायवाची - दिनकर, भास्कर, रवि; 'उदय' का विलोम 'अस्त' है।

गद्यांश: मुख्य भाव केंद्रीय वाक्य में मिलता है; शीर्षक चुनते समय सम्पूर्ण अनुच्छेद का सार लें, केवल एक वाक्य नहीं।

वर्तनी: 'श' और 'ष' का प्रयोग, अनुस्वार-अनुनासिक का अंतर तथा हलंत और संयुक्ताक्षर पर ध्यान दें।

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes a singular verb; 'each, every, either, neither' are singular; 'neither...nor' agrees with the nearer subject.

Tenses: present perfect (has/have + past participle) is used for past actions with present relevance; past perfect for the earlier of two past actions.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds (an hour, a university); 'the' for unique or already-mentioned nouns.

Prepositions: 'since' with a point of time, 'for' with a duration; 'between' for two, 'among' for more than two.

Voice: passive = form of 'be' + past participle; only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Vocabulary: synonym of 'benevolent' is kind; antonym of 'transparent' is opaque; idioms like 'to let the cat out of the bag' means to reveal a secret.

Error spotting: check parallelism after 'not only...but also', comparative with 'than', and double negatives.

Comprehension: locate the topic sentence, distinguish stated fact from inference, and eliminate options that overstate the passage.

Formation: Jharkhand became India's 28th state on 15 November 2000, carved out of Bihar; capital Ranchi; first Chief Minister Babulal Marandi.

Geography: Chota Nagpur Plateau dominates; Damodar, Subarnarekha, North Koel and South Koel are major rivers; Parasnath (1,365 m) is the highest peak.

Minerals: Jharkhand leads in coal reserves (Jharia, Bokaro, Raniganj belt partly in West Bengal); also rich in iron ore (Noamundi), copper (Ghatsila) and mica (Koderma).

History: Santhal Hul (1855–56) led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu; Birsa Munda led the Ulgulan movement (1899–1900); Tilka Manjhi revolted in 1784.

Culture: Sarna religion and Sarhul, Karma and Tusu festivals; Chhau dance of Seraikela is a UNESCO-recognised masked dance; Jhumar and Paika are folk dances.

Polity: Jharkhand Legislative Assembly has 81 elected seats; the state has 14 Lok Sabha seats; it was formed under the Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000.

Economy: Jamshedpur hosts Tata Steel (founded 1907 by Jamsetji Tata); Bokaro Steel Plant and Sindri fertiliser plant are key industrial units.

Wildlife: Betla National Park (Palamu) was among India's first tiger reserves; Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary near Jamshedpur protects elephants.