JSSC CGL key terms

The 1855–56 armed rebellion of Santhal communities in the Damin-i-Koh region of present-day Jharkhand against moneylenders, zamindars and colonial revenue officials; led by Sidhu and Kanhu Murmu.

A tract of land in the Rajmahal hills demarcated by the British in 1832 as a Santhal settlement zone; oppressive taxation and exploitation there sparked the Santhal Hul.

Santhal brothers from Bhognadih who organised and led the Hul rebellion of 1855, mobilising thousands against colonial rule and moneylender exploitation; both were captured and killed.

A 1908 law protecting tribal land in the Chotanagpur region by restricting transfer of tribal land to non-tribals; a foundational statute in Jharkhand's land-rights politics.

A 1949 law governing land in the Santhal Pargana division, barring transfer of tribal land to non-tribals and recognising village-level customary rights; frequently cited in Jharkhand land disputes.

A Munda tribal leader who led the Ulgulan (Great Tumult) movement of the 1890s against British rule and missionary influence in Chotanagpur; he died in Ranchi jail in 1900 and is honoured as Bhagwan Birsa.

The Munda term for the 1899–1900 uprising led by Birsa Munda, demanding restoration of tribal land, abolition of forced labour and self-rule in the Chotanagpur region.

A long regional agitation, from the 1930s onward, demanding a separate state for tribal and backward areas of southern Bihar; it culminated in the creation of Jharkhand state in November 2000.

15 November 2000, the date Jharkhand was carved out of Bihar as India's 28th state; the day is observed annually as Jharkhand Foundation Day.

A major Jharkhand tribal festival welcoming spring, in which sal flowers are offered to the deity and villagers dance and sing; celebrated mainly by Munda, Oraon and Ho communities.

A Jharkhand tribal festival honouring the Karam tree, associated with prosperity and fertility; celebrated with night-long singing and dancing, especially by Oraon and Munda communities.

A harvest and cattle festival celebrated after Diwali in Jharkhand, marked by wall paintings known as Sohrai art and by rituals honouring cattle and the earth.

A popular folk dance of Jharkhand performed by men and women in a circle during harvest and festivals, accompanied by the madal drum and nagara.

A masked dance-drama tradition with vigorous martial movements; the Seraikela Chhau of Jharkhand is one of its three principal styles and is recognised by UNESCO.

A cylindrical two-headed drum of Jharkhand tribal music, central to Jhumair and other folk performances; its beat drives village dances.

A national park in the Latehar district of Jharkhand within the Palamu Tiger Reserve landscape, known for tigers, elephants and the historic Palamu forts nearby.

One of India's first nine tiger reserves, located in the Palamu and Latehar districts of Jharkhand; it forms part of the Betla forest landscape and supports tiger, leopard and elephant populations.

A waterfall on the Subarnarekha river near Ranchi, dropping about 98 metres over rocky terrain; a prominent Jharkhand tourist and geography landmark.

A river originating near Ranchi in Jharkhand, flowing through West Bengal and Odisha to the Bay of Bengal; noted for gold placer deposits historically and for the Hundru Falls.

A set of basic freedoms guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution (Articles 12–35), enforceable in courts, covering equality, speech, life, religion and constitutional remedies.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution (Articles 36–51) that direct governments toward social and economic welfare; they are not directly enforceable in courts.

A formal written order of a court commanding action or forbearance; the Indian Constitution empowers High Courts and the Supreme Court to issue five writs including habeas corpus and mandamus.

A bill dealing only with taxation, borrowing or spending of government money, defined in Article 110; it can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha and requires the President's recommendation.

The upper house of the Indian Parliament, representing states and union territories, with members elected indirectly for six-year terms; it cannot reject a Money Bill.

The three-tier system of rural local self-government (village, block and district levels) given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992.

A 1992 constitutional amendment that gave urban local bodies such as municipalities and municipal corporations constitutional status, with regular elections and reserved seats.

A seasonal reversal of wind direction driven by differential heating of land and sea; the Indian summer monsoon from the southwest brings most of the country's annual rainfall.

The leeward side of a mountain range that receives little rainfall because moisture-bearing winds have already shed precipitation on the windward slopes; examples include eastern Maharashtra.

A leached, iron-rich soil formed in hot, wet tropical climates; it hardens on exposure and supports tea, coffee and cashew, and occurs in parts of Jharkhand and the Western Ghats.

The rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against securities; raising it typically cools inflation by making credit costlier.

Cash Reserve Ratio: the share of a bank's net demand and time liabilities that must be held as cash with the Reserve Bank of India, earning no interest.

A sustained rise in the general price level of goods and services, reducing the purchasing power of money; in India it is commonly measured by the Consumer Price Index.

Goods and Services Tax, a destination-based indirect tax on supply of goods and services introduced in India on 1 July 2017, replacing multiple taxes with a single unified levy.

The excess of total government expenditure over total receipts excluding borrowings; it indicates how much the government must borrow to meet its spending needs.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll in chloroplasts capturing the light energy.

The movement of solvent molecules, usually water, through a semi-permeable membrane from a dilute to a concentrated solution; it drives water uptake by plant roots.

Eleven obligations listed in Article 51A of the Indian Constitution, added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, urging citizens to respect the Constitution, flag and national values.

The National Institution for Transforming India, a policy think tank formed in 2015 to replace the Planning Commission and advise central and state governments on development strategy.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind by division, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal; both are used to solve sharing and scaling problems.

A technique that first finds the value of one unit and then multiplies to get the value of the required number of units; useful in time, work and price problems.

Interest calculated on the principal plus previously accumulated interest, so the amount grows faster than under simple interest; formula A = P(1 + r/n)^(nt).

Interest computed only on the original principal for the whole period, using SI = (P × R × T)/100, without compounding on accrued interest.

A form of reasoning in which a conclusion is drawn from two or more given statements assumed true; questions ask which conclusion logically follows regardless of real-world facts.

A reasoning puzzle that presents family relationships through coded statements or a chain of relations and asks the candidate to identify how two people are related.

सन्धि: दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन; जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। प्रश्नों में संधि-विच्छेद और संधि का नाम पूछा जाता है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद; जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र (तत्पुरुष)। परीक्षा में समास-विग्रह और समास का भेद पूछा जाता है।

शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदलने वाला अंश; जैसे 'अन' + 'पढ़' = अनपढ़। उपसर्ग से बने नए शब्दों का अर्थ पूछा जाता है।

शब्द के अंत में जुड़कर नया शब्द या भाव बनाने वाला अंश; जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = लड़कपन। प्रत्यय के भेद और उनसे बने शब्द पूछे जाते हैं।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से भिन्न होता है; जैसे 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' का अर्थ भाग जाना। प्रश्न में मुहावरे का अर्थ या वाक्य-प्रयोग पूछा जाता है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित सूक्ति या कहावत जो अनुभवजन्य ज्ञान व्यक्त करती है; जैसे 'अंधों में काना राजा'। परीक्षा में उसका अर्थ और उपयुक्त प्रसंग पूछा जाता है।

A sentence construction in which the subject performs the action, as in 'Ravi wrote the letter'; questions require converting it to or from passive voice.

A construction in which the object of the action becomes the grammatical subject, as in 'The letter was written by Ravi'; formed with a form of 'be' plus past participle.

Reporting a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks, as in She said, 'I am tired'; conversion questions require changing it to indirect speech with tense and pronoun shifts.

Reporting what someone said without quoting exact words, adjusting pronouns, tense and time expressions, as in She said that she was tired.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be deduced from its individual words, such as 'to bury the hatchet' meaning to end a quarrel; tested through meaning and usage.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, for example 'a person who loves books' becoming 'bibliophile'; a standard vocabulary item in objective English papers.

A land record document in Jharkhand recording the tenant's details, plot numbers and land area; it is central to proving rights under tenancy protection laws.

A major tribal community of Jharkhand, mainly in Khunti, Ranchi and Singhbhum, speaking a Munda language of the Austroasiatic family; Birsa Munda belonged to this community.