Karnataka VAO cheat sheet

Indus Valley sites: Harappa stood on the Ravi, Mohenjo-daro on the Indus, Lothal had a dockyard, and Dholavira is noted for water reservoirs.

Vijayanagara was founded in 1336 by Harihara and Bukka; Krishnadevaraya ruled from 1509 to 1529, and the Battle of Talikota in 1565 began its decline.

The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and enforced on 26 January 1950; Fundamental Rights are in Part III, Articles 12 to 35, and DPSP in Part IV, Articles 36 to 51.

Lok Sabha has 543 elected members; Rajya Sabha has 245 members, of whom 233 are elected and 12 nominated; a Money Bill can be introduced only in the Lok Sabha.

Karnataka covers 1,91,791 square kilometres between 11 degrees 31 minutes and 18 degrees 45 minutes north latitude and 74 degrees 12 minutes and 78 degrees 40 minutes east longitude; Mullayanagiri, at about 1,930 metres, is the highest peak.

Krishna, Cauvery and Tungabhadra are east-flowing rivers; Sharavathi, Kali and Netravathi flow west; black cotton soil is common in the northern maidan.

Gross Domestic Product equals consumption plus investment plus government spending plus exports minus imports; real GDP uses constant prices and nominal GDP uses current prices.

The GST Council is a constitutional body under Article 279A; the repo rate is the rate at which the RBI lends short-term funds to banks against government securities.

Chandrayaan-3 achieved a soft landing near the Moon's south pole in August 2023, making India the first country to land in that region.

The Kannada script developed from the Kadamba script; the Halmidi inscription, dated about 450 CE, is the earliest known Kannada-language inscription.

Kavirajamarga, composed around 850 CE and attributed to Rashtrakuta king Nripatunga, is the first extant Kannada literary work.

The three gems of Kannada literature are Pampa, Ranna and Janna; Pampa wrote Vikramarjuna Vijaya, also called Pampa Bharata, and Adipurana.

The 12th-century Vachana movement produced devotional prose-poems by Basavanna, Allama Prabhu and Akka Mahadevi.

Haridasa literature includes compositions by Purandara Dasa and Kanaka Dasa, written as dasa padas in devotion to Vishnu.

Kannada Jnanpith recipients include Kuvempu in 1967, D. R. Bendre in 1973, Shivaram Karanth in 1977, Masti Venkatesha Iyengar in 1983, V. K. Gokak in 1990, U. R. Ananthamurthy in 1994 and Chandrashekhara Kambara in 2010.

Kannada is a Dravidian language with subject-object-verb sentence order; nouns carry gender, number and case, and verbs agree with the subject.

Kannada prosodic forms include champu, shatpadi, ragale, sangatya and vachana.

Percentage: x percent of N equals N multiplied by x divided by 100; a increase followed by a percent decrease gives a net change of minus a squared divided by 100 percent.

Profit and loss: selling price equals cost price multiplied by 100 plus profit percent divided by 100; successive discounts of a and b percent equal a plus b minus ab divided by 100.

Simple interest equals principal multiplied by time multiplied by rate divided by 100; compound amount equals principal multiplied by 1 plus rate divided by 100 raised to the time power.

Speed equals distance divided by time; for equal distances covered at speeds x and y, average speed equals 2xy divided by x plus y.

In partnership, profit shares are proportional to capital multiplied by time; in a ratio a to b, the quantities are ax and bx for some common multiplier x.

If A alone finishes work in x days and B in y days, together they finish it in xy divided by x plus y days; the same rule applies to filling pipes.

Average equals sum of observations divided by number of observations; weighted average equals the sum of value multiplied by weight divided by the sum of weights.

Calendar odd days: an ordinary year has 1 odd day, a leap year has 2, and a century is a leap year only if divisible by 400.

Articles: a and an are chosen by initial sound, the is used for unique or superlative references, and no article is used before general plurals.

Present perfect uses has or have plus the past participle for past actions with present relevance; since marks a point of time and for marks a period.

Subject-verb agreement: each, every, either and neither are singular; with neither nor, the verb agrees with the nearer subject.

Prepositions: in shows enclosure, on shows surface, at shows a point; since is followed by a time point and for by a duration.

Passive voice is formed with a form of be plus the past participle; the object of the active sentence becomes the subject.

In indirect speech, present tenses usually shift to past, will to would, and questions are introduced by if or whether.

Conditionals: if plus present takes will in the main clause; if plus past takes would; if plus past perfect takes would have plus past participle.

Common errors include double comparatives, misplaced modifiers, redundant expressions and lack of parallelism in lists.

SI units: force in newtons, work in joules, power in watts, pressure in pascals; the speed of light in vacuum is about 3 multiplied by 10 to the power 8 metres per second.

Newton's second law states force equals mass multiplied by acceleration; acceleration due to gravity near Earth's surface is about 9.8 metres per second squared.

Cell organelles: mitochondria produce ATP, chloroplasts carry out photosynthesis, the nucleus contains DNA and ribosomes synthesise proteins.

The human heart has four chambers; red blood cells live about 120 days; insulin is secreted by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose.

Photosynthesis: 6CO2 plus 6H2O gives C6H12O6 plus 6O2 in the presence of light and chlorophyll.

pH below 7 is acidic and above 7 is basic; acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue, and acid-base reactions form salt and water.

Ohm's law states V equals I multiplied by R; in series current is the same, and in parallel voltage is the same.

Malaria is caused by Plasmodium and spread by female Anopheles mosquitoes; dengue is spread by Aedes mosquitoes; tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

MGNREGA, enacted in 2005, guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual work per rural household per year and requires wage payment within 15 days.

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Gramin provides financial assistance for constructing pucca houses for homeless and kutcha-house rural families.

Swachh Bharat Mission-Gramin, launched in 2014, aims at open defecation free villages and solid and liquid waste management.

DAY-NRLM organises rural poor women into self-help groups and provides credit, skill training and livelihood support.

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana, launched in 2000, provides all-weather road connectivity to unconnected rural habitations.

Jal Jeevan Mission, launched in 2019, aims to provide functional household tap connections to all rural households.

Rural credit institutions include NABARD, established in 1982, Regional Rural Banks, established in 1975, and cooperative banks.

Karnataka's Rural Development and Panchayat Raj Department implements rural housing, water supply, sanitation and employment programmes through district and taluk offices.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 inserted Part IX, Articles 243 to 243O, and the Eleventh Schedule with 29 subjects.

Karnataka has a three-tier system: Gram Panchayat at village level, Taluk Panchayat at intermediate level and Zilla Panchayat at district level.

The Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 governs the constitution, powers and functions of the three tiers.

The Gram Sabha consists of all registered voters in a Gram Panchayat area and is constituted under Article 243A.

Gram Panchayat members are elected for five years; Karnataka provides 50 percent reservation for women, with reservations for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes.

Gram Panchayat functions include drinking water, sanitation, local roads, street lighting, public health, primary education and agricultural extension.

The State Finance Commission, constituted under Article 243I every five years, reviews panchayat finances and recommends devolution of taxes and grants.

Key officers include the Gram Panchayat Secretary or Panchayat Development Officer, the Taluk Panchayat Executive Officer and the Zilla Panchayat Chief Executive Officer.

The CPU consists of the arithmetic logic unit, control unit and registers; RAM is volatile primary memory and ROM is non-volatile.

Binary is base 2, decimal is base 10, octal is base 8 and hexadecimal is base 16; one byte equals eight bits.

An operating system manages hardware, files and programs; common file extensions include .docx for Word, .xlsx for Excel, .pptx for PowerPoint and .pdf for portable documents.

MS Word shortcuts: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+S save; mail merge combines a main document with a data source.

MS Excel formulas begin with an equals sign; SUM adds a range, AVERAGE finds the mean, IF applies a condition, and VLOOKUP searches the first column of a table.

An absolute cell reference such as $A$1 keeps both column and row fixed when a formula is copied.

Internet basics: an IP address identifies a device, a URL specifies a resource, HTTPS encrypts web traffic, and email addresses contain a local name, the at sign and a domain.

Cyber security measures include strong passwords, antivirus software, firewalls and caution against phishing links and attachments.

Karnataka's Bhoomi project computerised rural land records, including record-of-rights and mutation data.