KARTET Paper 1 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2, object permanence), preoperational (2–7, egocentrism, symbolic play), concrete operational (7–11, conservation, reversibility), formal operational (11+, abstract reasoning).

Vygotsky: Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is the gap between independent and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary support within the ZPD; social interaction precedes internalization.

Kohlberg's moral development: pre-conventional (punishment/obedience, instrumental exchange), conventional (good boy/girl, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's psychosocial stages relevant to school age: industry vs inferiority (6–12) - success in tasks builds competence; failure leads to inferiority.

Classical conditioning (Pavlov): neutral stimulus paired with unconditioned stimulus becomes conditioned stimulus; operant conditioning (Skinner): behavior shaped by reinforcement (positive/negative) and punishment.

Inclusive education: adaptation of curriculum, assistive devices, and individualized education plans (IEPs) to meet diverse needs; RTE Act 2009 mandates free and compulsory education for ages 6–14.

Assessment: formative (during learning, feedback) vs summative (end of unit, grading); continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) covers scholastic and co-scholastic areas.

Learning disabilities: dyslexia (reading), dysgraphia (writing), dyscalculia (math), dyspraxia (motor coordination); ADHD is not a learning disability but often coexists.

Motivation: intrinsic (interest, satisfaction) vs extrinsic (rewards, grades); Maslow's hierarchy: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, self-actualization - lower needs before higher.

Kannada alphabet: 13 vowels (swaragalu), 34 consonants (vyanjanagalu), two yogavaahakas (part-vowel); total 49 letters.

Vowel signs (matras) attach to consonants: e.g., ಕ + ಾ = ಕಾ; vowel omission (halant) is marked with ್ (e.g., ಕ್).

Sandhi: combination of sounds at word boundaries; types include swara sandhi (vowel + vowel) and vyanjana sandhi (consonant + vowel).

Samasa: compound words; major types: tatpurusha (determinative), dwandwa (copulative), bahuvrihi (possessive), dwigu (numeral).

Kannada grammar terms: naama (noun), sarvanaama (pronoun), kriyapada (verb), visheshana (adjective), avyaya (indeclinable).

Tense forms: bhoota kaala (past), vartamana kaala (present), bhavishya kaala (future); verb endings change with person, number, and gender.

Prosody: Kannada uses matra-based meters like kandapadi and shatpadi; prasa (alliteration) and yati (caesura) are key elements.

Comprehension strategies: skimming for main idea, scanning for details, inference from context, and identifying the author's purpose.

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection - identify by function in sentence.

Tenses: simple present (habitual), present continuous (ongoing), present perfect (completed with relevance), simple past (finished), past continuous, past perfect, future forms.

Active vs passive voice: object becomes subject; past participle used with auxiliary 'be' (e.g., 'The letter was written by her').

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns (first person to speaker, second to listener), tense backshift (present to past), and time/place words (now → then, here → there).

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for specific/known nouns; zero article for general plurals and abstract nouns.

Prepositions: in (enclosed), on (surface), at (point); since (point in time), for (duration); by (agent/deadline), with (instrument).

Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Reading skills: literal (explicit), inferential (implied), evaluative (judgment); vocabulary strategies: context clues, prefixes/suffixes, synonyms/antonyms.

Place value: each digit's value is digit × (place value); e.g., in 4,582, the 5 is 5 × 100 = 500.

Fractions: a/b where b ≠ 0; equivalent fractions by multiplying/dividing numerator and denominator by same number; compare by cross-multiplication.

Perimeter and area: rectangle P = 2(l + w), A = l × w; square P = 4s, A = s²; triangle A = ½ × base × height; circle C = 2πr, A = πr².

Volume: cuboid V = l × w × h; cube V = s³; capacity 1 litre = 1000 cm³.

Average (mean) = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; median is middle value when ordered; mode is most frequent.

Profit and loss: Profit = SP − CP; Profit % = (Profit/CP) × 100; Loss % = (Loss/CP) × 100.

Simple interest: SI = (P × R × T)/100; amount A = P + SI.

Number properties: even/odd, prime (only two factors), composite, divisibility rules (2, 3, 5, 9, 10).

Geometry: sum of interior angles of triangle = 180°, quadrilateral = 360°; types of angles: acute (<90°), right (90°), obtuse (>90° <180°), straight (180°), reflex (>180°).

Food chain: producer → primary consumer → secondary consumer → decomposer; energy decreases at each trophic level (10% law).

Photosynthesis: chlorophyll uses sunlight, CO₂, and water to produce glucose and oxygen; occurs in chloroplasts.

Water cycle: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, collection; transpiration from plants contributes to atmospheric moisture.

Air composition: nitrogen ~78%, oxygen ~21%, argon ~0.9%, carbon dioxide ~0.04%; pollutants include CO, SO₂, NOx, particulate matter.

Human body systems: digestive (mouth to anus), respiratory (nose, trachea, lungs), circulatory (heart, blood vessels), excretory (kidneys, skin, lungs).

Adaptations: camel (hump stores fat, water conservation), cactus (spines reduce water loss, thick stem stores water), fish (gills for aquatic respiration).

Natural resources: renewable (solar, wind, water, biomass) vs non-renewable (coal, petroleum, natural gas); conservation includes 3Rs - reduce, reuse, recycle.

Pollution types: air (smog, acid rain), water (industrial effluents, sewage), soil (pesticides, plastic), noise (decibels > 85 harmful).

Karnataka-specific: Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot, Bandipur and Nagarahole national parks, Kaveri river basin, and local crops like ragi and coffee.