KARTET Paper 2 flashcards
KARTET Paper 2 · Build recall with a focused review session.
32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a learner can do independently and what the learner can achieve with guidance from a more capable adult or peer.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The understanding that quantity, mass or volume stays the same when appearance changes. It appears in the concrete operational stage, roughly ages seven to eleven, and is absent in preoperational children.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary, graded support given by a teacher or peer so a learner can complete a task beyond independent reach; the support is gradually withdrawn as competence develops.
- Preconventional moral reasoning
- Kohlberg's first level, in which moral judgement is guided by avoiding punishment and gaining personal rewards rather than by internalised social rules or principles.
- Inclusive education
- A school system that accommodates all learners, including those with disabilities and disadvantaged backgrounds, in the same classroom with adapted curriculum, materials and assessment rather than segregation.
- Formative assessment
- Ongoing, low-stakes assessment used during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction, typically through questioning, observation, quizzes and feedback rather than final grading.
- Dyscalculia
- A specific learning disability affecting number sense, retrieval of arithmetic facts and computation, occurring despite adequate intelligence and teaching, and requiring structured multi-sensory mathematics support.
- Multiple intelligences (Gardner)
- Gardner's theory that intelligence is not a single general ability but a set of relatively independent capacities such as linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinaesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalistic.
- Phoneme
- The smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a language, for example the initial sounds of pin and bin; phonemes are speech sounds, not written letters.
- Morpheme
- The smallest unit of language that carries meaning. Free morphemes stand alone as words; bound morphemes such as prefixes and suffixes must attach to another form.
- Comprehensible input hypothesis
- Krashen's claim that language acquisition occurs when learners understand input slightly beyond their current level, labelled i + 1, provided the affective filter is low.
- Communicative language teaching
- An approach that organises instruction around real communication and language functions, prioritising fluency and meaningful interaction over the systematic study of grammatical form.
- Skimming and scanning
- Two rapid reading strategies: skimming moves quickly through a text for its general idea, while scanning searches a text for one specific piece of information such as a date or name.
- Home language as resource
- A multilingual pedagogy principle holding that a learner's first language supports concept formation and comprehension in the second language, so planned code-switching is an asset rather than interference.
- Error versus mistake
- An error is a systematic deviation reflecting a rule the learner has not yet acquired and needs remedial teaching; a mistake is a random slip the learner can identify and correct.
- Cloze test
- A test in which words are deleted from a passage at regular intervals and the learner supplies them, measuring contextual prediction and grammatical and lexical knowledge.
- Contrastive analysis
- A method of predicting second-language learning difficulty by systematically comparing the learner's first language with the target language; greater structural difference is assumed to predict more interference.
- Language interference
- Negative transfer in which features of the first language, such as word order, articles or tense patterns, are wrongly carried into the second language and produce systematic errors.
- Inductive grammar teaching
- A discovery approach in which learners study examples first and then formulate the rule themselves, suited to younger and mixed-ability classes though slower than stating the rule directly.
- Language laboratory
- A room equipped with audio playback and recording devices where learners practise listening, pronunciation and oral repetition individually, allowing self-monitoring and repeated exposure to model speech.
- Inferential comprehension
- Understanding meaning that the text implies but does not state directly, requiring the reader to combine clues with prior knowledge, as distinct from literal comprehension of stated facts.
- Micro-teaching
- A scaled-down training technique in which a teacher practises one skill with a small group for a short time, receives feedback, re-plans and re-teaches.
- HCF and LCM relationship
- For any two positive integers, the product of their highest common factor and lowest common multiple equals the product of the two numbers themselves.
- Compound interest formula
- Amount after T years at rate R percent per annum compounded annually is P(1 + R/100)^T, and compound interest equals that amount minus the principal P.
- Pythagoras theorem
- In a right-angled triangle the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides, so a² + b² = c² where c is the hypotenuse.
- Probability of an event
- The number of favourable outcomes divided by the total number of equally likely outcomes; the value always lies between zero and one inclusive.
- Mean, median and mode
- Three measures of central tendency: the mean is the sum of observations divided by their number, the median is the middle ordered value, and the mode is the most frequent value.
- Ohm's law
- At constant temperature, the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, expressed as V = IR where R is resistance in ohms.
- Photosynthesis equation
- The process in chloroplasts using chlorophyll and sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.
- Newton's second law
- The acceleration produced in a body is directly proportional to the net applied force and inversely proportional to its mass, giving the relation F = ma.
- Neutralisation reaction
- A reaction between an acid and a base that produces a salt and water, for example hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide giving sodium chloride and water.
- Mitochondria
- Membrane-bound cell organelles that carry out aerobic respiration and release energy as ATP; they are abundant in metabolically active cells such as muscle cells.