Kerala Plus Two Arabic (DHSE) study materials
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The Kasra After إنّ: Case Marker or Jarr?

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The Kasra After إنّ: Case Marker or Jarr?

In a DHSE model examination, a student is asked to write the إعراب of the sentence: «إنَّ الطالباتِ مجتهداتٌ في دروسِهِنَّ». She writes: «الطالباتِ: اسم إنّ مرفوع بالضمة». Her friend objects, saying the kasra proves it is مجرور. A third student points to a second sentence on the same page, «إنَّ الكتبَ الجديدةَ مفيدةٌ», and says the same rule must apply to both. The teacher has 10 minutes before the bell and wants to use the error to revise إنّ and agreement. The class has already studied جمع مؤنث سالم and جمع تكسير. The student’s mark depends on three lines of إعراب and one correction. The teacher must decide whether to correct only the case ending or also the reason, and how to connect the two sentences without confusing human and non-human plurals.

1. Write the correct إعراب of «الطالباتِ» and «مجتهداتٌ» in the first sentence, explaining each ending.

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الطالباتِ: اسم «إنّ» منصوب، وعلامة نصبه الكسرة نيابة عن الفتحة؛ لأنه جمع مؤنث سالم. The kasra here is a substitute marker for nasb, not a sign of jarr. The word is not مجرور because there is no preposition governing it; the operator is «إنّ», which makes its اسم منصوبًا.

مجتهداتٌ: خبر «إنّ» مرفوع، وعلامة رفعه الضمة؛ لأنه جمع مؤنث سالم. The student’s error was not the word “مرفوع” in isolation but attaching it to «الطالبات»: that word is اسم إنّ, so it must be منصوب, even though its surface ending is kasra. The full clause «في دروسهنّ» is جار ومجرور, and it does not change the case of «مجتهداتٌ».

2. The student asks: “If the kasra does not mean jarr, how do I know the word is not مجرور?” Give a two-step check using the sentence.

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Step 1 - find the operator. Look before the noun: «إنّ» is a حرف مشبه بالفعل that governs a اسم and a خبر. Its اسم is منصوب, so «الطالباتِ» cannot be مجرور merely because it ends in kasra. A word is مجرور only when a حرف جر or an إضافة governs it; neither is present here.
Step 2 - identify the plural type. «الطالبات» is جمع مؤنث سالم, whose nasb marker is kasra instead of fatha. Compare the second sentence: «إنَّ الكتبَ الجديدةَ مفيدةٌ». «الكتب» is جمع تكسير, so its nasb marker is fatha. The function is the same - اسم إنّ منصوب - but the marker changes with the plural type. This is why the teacher should correct both the label and the reason.

3. Rewrite the first sentence after replacing «إنّ» with «كان», and state all changes in case and agreement.

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The sentence becomes: كانت الطالباتُ مجتهداتٍ في دروسهنّ.

  • كانت: فعل ماضٍ ناقص، والتاء للتأنيث؛ لأنّ الاسم بعده جمع مؤنث.
  • الطالباتُ: اسم «كان» مرفوع، وعلامة رفعه الضمة؛ لأنه جمع مؤنث سالم.
  • مجتهداتٍ: خبر «كان» منصوب، وعلامة نصبه الكسرة نيابة عن الفتحة؛ لأنه جمع مؤنث سالم.
  • في دروسهنّ: جار ومجرور، ولم يتغير.

The key judgement is that the same surface kasra now marks nasb on the خبر, not on the اسم. A student who memorises “kasra = jarr” will misparse both sentences; a student who tracks the operator will not.