Kerala Plus Two Arabic (DHSE) flashcards
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- مُبْتَدَأ
- The subject of a nominal sentence in Arabic; it is normally مَرْفُوع (nominative). Example: الطَّالِبُ مُجْتَهِدٌ - 'the student is diligent', where الطَّالِبُ is the مُبْتَدَأ.
- خَبَر
- The predicate of a nominal sentence; it completes the meaning of the مُبْتَدَأ and is normally مَرْفُوع. Example: الطَّالِبُ مُجْتَهِدٌ - مُجْتَهِدٌ is the خَبَر.
- إِنَّ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا
- Particles (إِنَّ، أَنَّ، كَأَنَّ، لَكِنَّ، لَيْتَ، لَعَلَّ) that make the مُبْتَدَأ مَنْصُوب (called اسمها) while the خَبَر remains مَرْفُوع (called خبرها).
- كَانَ وَأَخَوَاتُهَا
- Verbs (كَانَ، صَارَ، أَصْبَحَ، ظَلَّ، لَيْسَ، مَا زَالَ) that keep the مُبْتَدَأ مَرْفُوع (اسمها) and make the خَبَر مَنْصُوب (خبرها).
- الفِعْل المَاضِي
- The past tense verb, usually built on the pattern فَعَلَ. It indicates completed action. Example: كَتَبَ (he wrote), ذَهَبَ (he went).
- الفِعْل المُضَارِع
- The present/future tense verb, formed with prefixes أَ، تَ، يَ، نَ. Example: يَكْتُبُ (he writes), تَذْهَبُ (she goes). It is مَرْفُوع unless preceded by a جَازِم or نَاصِب.
- الأَمْر
- The imperative verb, derived from the مُضَارِع by dropping the prefix and adding a هَمْزَة وَصْل if needed. Example: اكْتُبْ (write!), اِذْهَبْ (go!).
- المَفْعُول بِهِ
- The direct object; it is مَنْصُوب. Example: قَرَأَ الطَّالِبُ الكِتَابَ - 'the student read the book', where الكِتَابَ is the مَفْعُول بِهِ.
- التَّشْبِيه
- A simile: comparing two things using a particle such as كَـ (like) or مِثْل (like). Example: مُحَمَّدٌ كَالأَسَدِ - 'Muhammad is like a lion'.
- الاسْتِعَارَة
- A metaphor: using a word in a figurative sense without a comparison particle. Example: رَأَيْتُ أَسَدًا يَخْطُبُ - 'I saw a lion giving a speech' (meaning a brave man).
- المُعَلَّقَات
- Seven (or ten) famous pre-Islamic qasidas, reportedly hung on the Ka'ba. Poets include Imru' al-Qays, Zuhayr, and Antara. They are masterpieces of Jahili poetry.
- امْرُؤ القَيْس
- A celebrated pre-Islamic poet, author of one of the Mu'allaqat. His famous opening line begins 'قِفَا نَبْكِ مِنْ ذِكْرَى حَبِيبٍ وَمَنْزِلِ' - 'Stop, let us weep over the memory of a beloved and a dwelling'.
- المُتَنَبِّي
- A major Abbasid-era poet (915–965 CE), famous for his wisdom poetry and panegyrics. His collected poems are known as 'ديوان المتنبي'. He is considered one of the greatest Arabic poets.
- الجَاحِظ
- An Abbasid prose writer (776–868 CE), author of 'كتاب الحيوان' (Book of Animals) and 'البخلاء'. He is known for his witty, digressive style and use of irony.
- جُبْرَان خَلِيل جُبْرَان
- A Lebanese-American (Mahjar) writer (1883–1931), author of 'النبي' (The Prophet). He co-founded the Pen League (الرابطة القلمية) and wrote in both Arabic and English.
- المَقَامَة
- A genre of rhymed prose narrative, perfected by al-Hariri (الحريري) and al-Hamadhani (الهمذاني). It features a witty protagonist and ornate language, often used for moral instruction.
- الشِّعْر الحُرّ
- Free verse: modern Arabic poetry that abandons the traditional monorhyme and fixed meter (بحر), using variable line lengths. Pioneers include Nazik al-Malaika and Badr Shakir al-Sayyab.
- الرَّابِطَة القَلَمِيَّة
- The Pen League: a literary society formed in 1920 by Arab émigré writers in New York, including Gibran and Mikhail Naimy. It promoted romantic, innovative Arabic literature.
- الطَّهْطَاوِي
- Rifa'a al-Tahtawi (1801–1873), an Egyptian scholar and pioneer of the Arab Renaissance (النهضة). He translated French works and advocated educational reform and modern science.
- أَحْمَد شَوْقِي
- An Egyptian poet (1868–1932), known as 'أمير الشعراء' (Prince of Poets). He wrote neoclassical poetry on national and historical themes and composed verse dramas.
- التَّعْبِير الاصْطِلَاحِي
- An idiom: a fixed expression whose meaning is not literal. Example: 'يَدُهُ طُولَى' means 'he is generous', not 'his hand is long'.
- الجَذْر
- The three-letter root of an Arabic word, from which many derivatives are formed. Example: the root ك-ت-ب yields كَاتِب، مَكْتَب، كِتَاب، مَكْتَبَة.
- المُرَادِف
- A synonym: a word with the same or similar meaning as another. Example: كَبِير and عَظِيم both mean 'big/great'.
- المُضَاد
- An antonym: a word with the opposite meaning of another. Example: طَوِيل (long) and قَصِير (short).
- الاسْتِعَارَة المَكْنِيَّة
- A type of metaphor where the vehicle is omitted and the tenor is implied. Example: 'اِبْتَسَمَ الصَّبَاحُ' - 'the morning smiled' (implying the morning is a person).
- الكِنَايَة
- Metonymy: mentioning a thing by its attribute or a related idea, without using a comparison particle. Example: 'فُلَانٌ كَثِيرُ الرَّمَادِ' - 'so-and-so has much ash' (meaning he is generous, because he cooks for guests).
- الطِّبَاق
- Antithesis: juxtaposing two opposites in one sentence for rhetorical effect. Example: 'يُحْيِي وَيُمِيتُ' - 'He gives life and causes death'.
- الجِنَاس
- Paronomasia: using two words that are similar in form but different in meaning. Example: 'الصَّلَاحُ وَالصَّلَاحُ' (righteousness vs. weapon) - a play on similar-sounding words.
- المَقَال
- An essay: a piece of writing on a particular subject, typically with an introduction, body, and conclusion. In Arabic, it often follows the structure: مُقَدِّمَة، عَرْض، خَاتِمَة.
- خَاتِمَة
- The conclusion of an essay or letter, summarizing the main points and offering a final opinion or call to action.
- عَزِيزِي
- A term of address meaning 'my dear (male)' used in informal letters. The feminine form is عَزِيزَتِي. It is followed by the addressee's name.
- أَلْتَمِسُ مِنْ سِيَادَتِكُمْ
- A formal phrase meaning 'I request from Your Excellency', used in application letters to introduce a request politely.