Kerala Plus Two Electronics (DHSE) study plan

Sketch and label the energy-band diagram for conductors, semiconductors and insulators, and state the forbidden-gap value you would expect for Si and Ge

Derive the diode current equation behaviour qualitatively: explain how barrier potential and depletion width change under forward and reverse bias

Classify the four common diode families (rectifier, Zener, LED, photodiode) by their operating region and one typical application each

Solve five numericals on diode circuits: series resistor current, Zener regulator load range, and LED series-resistor sizing

Draw the input and output characteristics of a BJT in CE configuration and mark the active, saturation and cut-off regions

Explain the working of a half-wave and a full-wave centre-tap rectifier using waveform sketches, marking conduction angles

Compute ripple factor, efficiency, PIV and output frequency for half-wave, full-wave and bridge rectifiers from given formulae

Compare capacitor, inductor and LC filter performance and justify which is chosen for a small DC supply

Trace the block diagram of a regulated power supply from mains transformer to load and state the function of each block

Calculate the required transformer secondary voltage and filter capacitor value for a stated load current and ripple target

Draw and explain the CE amplifier with voltage-divider bias, and calculate its Q-point from the bias resistors

Distinguish voltage gain, current gain, power gain and bandwidth, and compute each for a given amplifier specification

Explain the effect of negative feedback on gain, bandwidth, distortion and input/output impedance

Describe the Barkhausen criterion and identify which of the three standard oscillator circuits (RC phase shift, Hartley, Colwyn/Colpitts) suits a given frequency range

Sketch the Class A, Class B and Class C operating points and state the efficiency ceiling of each

Convert between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal without a calculator, and verify each conversion by a second method

State the truth tables of AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR from memory and write the Boolean expression for each

Apply De Morgan's theorems and Karnaugh-map grouping to simplify three given Boolean expressions to minimal SOP form

Design a half adder and a full adder from gates and write their sum and carry expressions

Explain the working of an RS latch, a clocked JK flip-flop and a 4-bit ripple counter, and state one application of each

Draw the block diagram of a shift register and trace the bit pattern after four clock pulses for a given input

Explain the difference between combinational and sequential circuits, giving two examples of each

Describe the working of a 4-bit DAC using an R-2R ladder and state the resolution for a given reference voltage

Distinguish an encoder from a decoder and a multiplexer from a demultiplexer, with one real application of each

Identify and correct three common logic-circuit faults given a stated symptom, such as an output stuck at 0

Define modulation and explain with waveforms why modulation is needed for antenna radiation and frequency multiplexing

Derive the modulation index of an AM wave from its maximum and minimum envelope values and state the consequence of over-modulation

Compare AM, FM and PM on bandwidth, noise immunity and application, in a single comparison table

Describe the block diagram of an AM superheterodyne receiver and state the role of the mixer and IF amplifier

Explain sampling, quantisation and pulse-code modulation, and calculate the bit rate for a stated sampling rate and word length

Distinguish a microprocessor from a microcontroller on architecture, memory and typical application, naming one example of each

Describe the internal blocks of the 8051 (ALU, registers, program and data memory, ports, timers) and state the function of the PSW and stack pointer

Explain the fetch-decode-execute cycle and trace it for a two-instruction assembly sequence

Describe how a CRO is used to measure amplitude, time period and frequency, and state the function of the time-base and trigger controls

Explain the working of a digital multimeter and list three systematic measurement errors with a way to reduce each

Assemble and test a half-adder or full-adder circuit on breadboard and record the observed truth table against the expected one

Build a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor filter and measure DC output and ripple with a multimeter or CRO

Prepare a project report structure covering aim, circuit diagram, component list, working, observations and conclusion

Answer previous-question-style problems across all eight domains under timed conditions and mark weak domains for final revision

State the safety and troubleshooting steps to follow before powering any laboratory circuit