Kerala Plus Two Hindi (DHSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gadya ki vidhaayen

Hindi prose forms: katha (story), nibandh (essay), rekhachitra (portrait), sansmaran (memoir), jeevani (biography), and reportaaz (reportage). Each prescribed prose lesson belongs to one of these forms.

Chhayavad

A Hindi literary current of the early twentieth century marked by romanticism, personal sorrow, nature imagery, and musical language. Its four leading poets are Nirala, Sumitranandan Pant, Jayashankar Prasad, and Mahadevi Varma.

Nibandh ke ang

An essay has three parts: prastaavna (introduction stating the topic), vistar (body paragraphs each carrying one point with support), and upasamhaar (conclusion). The conclusion restates the stance without introducing new arguments.

Doha chhand

A couplet form of two lines, each line of 24 matras, divided 13 and 11. It is used for aphoristic and devotional verse, notably in Tulsidas and Kabir, and is identified by counting matras.

Sthayi bhaav

The permanent human emotion that, when developed through vibhaav, anubhaav, and vyabhichari bhaav, becomes a rasa. Examples: rati gives shringar, shok gives karun, utsah gives veer.

Atirikt paath

The non-detailed or supplementary textbook section. Questions on it test plot sequence, character relationships, motive, and the story's message rather than close stylistic analysis of language.

Katha ka shirsh

A story's title usually points to its central incident or to the protagonist's transformation. Title-justification answers must connect the title to that incident or change, not merely restate the plot.

Swar sandhi

Vowel-with-vowel junction. Main types: dirgh (a + a gives aa), gun (a + i or u gives e or o), vriddhi (a + e or o gives ai or au), and yan (i or u before a dissimilar vowel becomes y or v).

Bahuvrihi samasa

A compound whose meaning refers to an outside entity rather than to either member, such as dashanan meaning the ten-faced one, i.e. Ravana. The compound functions as an adjective naming someone else.

Karm vachya

Passive voice. The object becomes the grammatical subject, the verb changes to its past participle form, and jaanaa is added as auxiliary, as in pustak padhi gayi.

Krit pratyaya

A suffix added to a verb root or verbal base to form a new noun or adjective, such as -naa, -aai, -aav, and -ak. It differs from taddhit, which builds words from nouns.

Muhavara ka arth

An idiom's meaning is figurative, not the sum of its words. Exam answers require the idiomatic sense plus one correct sentence using the idiom; a literal gloss scores no marks.

Aupachaarik patra

Formal letter layout in fixed order: sender address, date, receiver's designation and address, vishay (subject line), salutation, body, complimentary close, and signature. Missing the vishay line loses marks.

Prativedan lekhan

Report writing. It answers what happened, when, where, who was involved, and what the outcome was, in that order, using past tense and an impersonal tone without personal opinion.

Anuchhed lekhan

Single-paragraph composition on one controlling idea. It has no headings, no bullet points, and no separate conclusion; all sentences must support the one central point.

Vigyapan lekhan

Advertisement writing. It uses short imperative lines, a memorable slogan, and stated reader benefit. Language is compressed and persuasive rather than descriptive, and the product or event is named early.

Paryayvachi shabd

A synonym: a word with the same or nearly the same meaning as the given word, in the same register. A colloquial synonym placed in a formal sentence is treated as incorrect.

Tatsam aur tadbhava

Tatsam words keep their Sanskrit form unchanged, such as vidyaa and agni. Tadbhava words are descended from Sanskrit but phonetically changed in Hindi, such as the evolved everyday forms of those words.

Anuvaad ka siddhant

Translate sense, not word order. English passives and articles are recast into natural Hindi active sentences, and idioms are replaced by the Hindi idiom of equivalent meaning, never literally.

Anekarthi shabd

A word carrying several distinct meanings. The intended sense is fixed only by the surrounding sentence, so the full sentence must be read before choosing among the given meanings.

Apathit gadyansh

An unseen prose passage followed by questions. Answers follow the passage's order, and each answer must be supported by a phrase actually present in the passage, not by outside knowledge.

Nishkarsh prashn

Inference questions ask what the passage implies rather than states. The correct option is the one the text supports indirectly; options that overstate or add outside facts are wrong.

Lekhak ka uddeshya

The writer's purpose: to inform, persuade, warn, or entertain. The answer names the stance and cites the sentence that reveals it, rather than summarising the whole passage.

Padyansh ka bhaav

The central emotion or idea of an unseen verse passage. Identifying it first makes device and vocabulary questions easier, because the correct options must be consistent with that emotion.

Anupras alankaar

A sound figure in which the same consonant is repeated in nearby words, producing an echo effect. It works on sound, so it belongs to the shabd alankaar group, not the meaning-based group.

Upma aur rupak

Upma is simile: two different things compared using a comparison word such as sa or iva. Rupak is metaphor: the two are identified without any comparison word, as if one were the other.

Utpreksha alankaar

A figure presenting an imagined possibility, often signalled by words meaning as if or perhaps. It differs from upma because the comparison is a hypothesis rather than an asserted likeness.

Shabd aur arth alankaar

Shabd alankaar depend on sound or word repetition, such as anupras and yamak. Arth alankaar depend on meaning, such as upma, rupak, and utpreksha. Classify by what creates the effect.

Riti

Poetic style. Vaidarbhi is graceful and avoids long compounds, gaudi is ornate with heavy compounds, and panchali is the middle tender style. Style questions name one of these three.

Vakya shuddhi

Sentence correction. Check three things first: subject-verb agreement, correct postposition choice, and gender-number concord between noun and adjective. Most errors in these items fall into one of these categories.

Gun, vriddhi, yan sandhi

Swar sandhi subtypes. Gun: a plus i or u gives e or o. Vriddhi: a plus e or o gives ai or au. Yan: i or u before a dissimilar vowel becomes the corresponding glide y or v.

Suchana lekhan

Notice writing. It is short and factual, headed by a notice title, and states the event, date, venue, and contact. Persuasive or decorative language is avoided; clarity and completeness are the scoring criteria.