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Kerala Plus Two Psychology (DHSE) study materials
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Kerala Plus Two Psychology (DHSE) practice questions

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Question 1Variations in Psychological Attributes

In the study of individual differences, 'psychological attributes' most precisely refers to:

  1. physical features such as height, weight and blood group
  2. the chronological age and grade level of a learner
  3. socio-economic indicators such as income and occupation of the family
  4. measurable characteristics such as intelligence, aptitude, personality and interest Correct answer.

Explanation

Psychological attributes are the relatively stable, measurable characteristics of a person studied in differential psychology, including intelligence, aptitude, achievement, personality and interest. Physical, demographic and socio-economic variables are treated as correlates or background factors, not as psychological attributes themselves.

Question 2Variations in Psychological Attributes

According to the psychometric approach, an attribute such as intelligence is said to exist because:

  1. individuals differ measurably on it and these differences are relatively stable Correct answer.
  2. every culture uses the same word for the attribute
  3. teachers agree informally that some students are brighter
  4. the attribute can be observed directly with the naked eye

Explanation

The psychometric approach treats an attribute as real when it can be measured and when people show consistent, relatively stable individual differences on that measure. Direct visibility or everyday agreement is not the criterion, because psychological attributes are inferred from behaviour and test performance.

Question 3Variations in Psychological Attributes

A test of numerical reasoning is administered twice to the same students after a gap of three weeks, and the two sets of scores correlate highly. Which property of the test is being demonstrated?

  1. inter-rater reliability
  2. concurrent validity
  3. test-retest reliability Correct answer.
  4. content validity

Explanation

Test-retest reliability is established by administering the same test to the same group on two occasions and correlating the scores; a high correlation indicates temporal stability. Validity concerns whether the test measures the intended construct, and inter-rater reliability concerns agreement between scorers.

Question 4Variations in Psychological Attributes

A psychologist reports that a scholastic aptitude test predicts later board examination marks with a correlation of 0.65. This statement is a claim about the test's:

  1. internal consistency
  2. predictive validity Correct answer.
  3. item difficulty
  4. test-retest reliability

Explanation

Predictive validity is the degree to which test scores forecast a criterion measured at a later point in time, here later board examination performance. Reliability indices describe consistency of scores, while item difficulty describes how hard individual items are.

Question 5Variations in Psychological Attributes

In a normal distribution of intelligence scores with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, approximately what percentage of people obtain scores between 85 and 115?

  1. about 68 per cent Correct answer.
  2. about 50 per cent
  3. about 34 per cent
  4. about 95 per cent

Explanation

In a normal distribution roughly 68 per cent of cases lie within one standard deviation of the mean. Here one standard deviation is 15 points, so the band from 85 to 115 captures about 68 per cent of scores.

Question 6Variations in Psychological Attributes

A student's score falls at the 90th percentile on a verbal reasoning test. The most defensible interpretation is that the student:

  1. scored at or above the level of 90 per cent of the norm group Correct answer.
  2. belongs to the top 90 per cent of the population in all abilities
  3. has an intelligence quotient of exactly 90
  4. answered 90 per cent of the items correctly

Explanation

A percentile rank expresses the position of a score relative to the norm group, so the 90th percentile means the score equals or exceeds that of about 90 per cent of the comparison group. It says nothing about the proportion of items answered correctly or about performance on other abilities.

Question 7Variations in Psychological Attributes

In psychometrics, 'norms' of a test refer to:

  1. the distribution of scores obtained by a representative standardisation sample Correct answer.
  2. the maximum possible score a candidate can obtain
  3. the instructions read out before administration
  4. the list of items arranged in increasing order of difficulty

Explanation

Norms are the reference data from a representative standardisation sample against which an individual's raw score is interpreted. They allow conversion of raw scores into percentile ranks, standard scores or other derived scores.

Question 8Variations in Psychological Attributes

A test of mechanical aptitude yields similar scores when administered by two different examiners following the same instructions. This chiefly indicates:

  1. high internal consistency
  2. standardisation of administration Correct answer.
  3. high predictive validity
  4. absence of practice effects

Explanation

When administration conditions, instructions and scoring are fixed so that different examiners obtain comparable results, the test is standardised. Standardisation is a precondition for interpreting scores against norms, but it does not by itself establish validity or internal consistency.

Question 9Variations in Psychological Attributes

Aptitude tests differ from achievement tests mainly in that aptitude tests:

  1. contain only non-verbal items
  2. assess potential to acquire skills with training in a relatively unfamiliar area Correct answer.
  3. are always administered individually rather than in groups
  4. measure what has already been learnt in a specific school course

Explanation

Aptitude tests estimate a person's potential for future learning or performance in a domain, often using relatively novel tasks. Achievement tests, by contrast, assess knowledge and skills already acquired through instruction.

Question 10Variations in Psychological Attributes

A student who has never studied Sanskrit takes a test of Sanskrit learning ability consisting of novel grammatical patterns and is asked to infer rules. Such a test is best classified as:

  1. a personality inventory
  2. an interest inventory
  3. an achievement test
  4. an aptitude test Correct answer.

Explanation

The task uses unfamiliar material and asks the candidate to infer rules, so it taps potential for learning rather than prior course content. This is the hallmark of aptitude testing, exemplified by tests such as the Modern Language Aptitude Test.

Question 11Variations in Psychological Attributes

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of an interest inventory?

  1. a rating scale completed by teachers on classroom behaviour
  2. a timed test of mental arithmetic
  3. a projective test using inkblots
  4. a questionnaire asking students to indicate how much they enjoy activities such as repairing machines or writing stories Correct answer.

Explanation

Interest inventories ask respondents to report preferences for various activities, and the pattern of preferences is used in educational and vocational guidance. They measure liking or preference rather than ability or underlying personality structure.

Question 12Variations in Psychological Attributes

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) developed by Cattell is best described as:

  1. an intelligence test based on the g factor
  2. a self-report inventory yielding scores on sixteen trait dimensions Correct answer.
  3. a situational test of honesty
  4. a projective test scored from story content

Explanation

Cattell's 16 PF is a self-report questionnaire in which responses are scored on sixteen bipolar trait dimensions derived from factor analysis. It belongs to the trait approach to personality and is not a projective or ability measure.

Question 13Variations in Psychological Attributes

A counsellor uses the Thematic Apperception Test, asking a student to construct stories about ambiguous pictures. This technique is best classified as:

  1. a self-report trait inventory
  2. an aptitude test of verbal fluency
  3. a sociometric measure of peer acceptance
  4. a projective measure of personality Correct answer.

Explanation

The TAT presents ambiguous pictures and interprets the stories told, on the assumption that respondents project their needs and conflicts into the narratives. This is the defining feature of projective techniques, unlike structured self-report inventories.

Question 14Variations in Psychological Attributes

Which statement correctly distinguishes a structured interview from an unstructured interview in psychological assessment?

  1. An unstructured interview always yields higher reliability than a structured one
  2. A structured interview allows the interviewer to change questions freely for each candidate
  3. A structured interview uses predetermined questions and scoring criteria for all candidates Correct answer.
  4. A structured interview avoids any recording of responses

Explanation

Structured interviews fix the questions, their order and the scoring rules so that all respondents are treated alike, which raises reliability and comparability. Unstructured interviews permit flexibility but introduce interviewer bias and reduce comparability.

Question 15Variations in Psychological Attributes

A researcher uses factor analysis and finds that many diverse tests of mental ability all correlate positively, yielding one broad underlying dimension. This broad dimension is known as:

  1. the standard error of measurement
  2. the general factor, g Correct answer.
  3. the verbal comprehension factor
  4. the test-retest coefficient

Explanation

Positive correlations among many different ability tests point to a common underlying factor, which Spearman labelled the general factor, g. Specific or group factors account for the remaining test-specific variance.

Question 16Variations in Psychological Attributes

According to Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, a dancer who shows exceptional control of body movement and expression demonstrates high:

  1. bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence Correct answer.
  2. logical-mathematical intelligence
  3. interpersonal intelligence
  4. naturalistic intelligence

Explanation

Gardner's bodily-kinaesthetic intelligence covers the skilled use of the body for expression and problem solving, as seen in dancers, athletes and surgeons. The other intelligences concern reasoning, social understanding or classification of nature rather than bodily control.

Question 17Variations in Psychological Attributes

Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence includes which set of components?

  1. fluid, crystallised and general
  2. id, ego and superego
  3. verbal, numerical and spatial
  4. componential, experiential and contextual Correct answer.

Explanation

Sternberg proposed three aspects of intelligence: the componential aspect (information processing), the experiential aspect (dealing with novelty and automatisation) and the contextual aspect (adapting to, shaping and selecting environments). The other sets belong to different frameworks.

Question 18Variations in Psychological Attributes

Fluid intelligence, as distinguished from crystallised intelligence, is best characterised as:

  1. the store of knowledge and vocabulary accumulated through education
  2. the capacity to reason and solve novel problems independent of prior learning Correct answer.
  3. the tendency to persist on difficult tasks
  4. the ability to perceive and classify natural objects

Explanation

Fluid intelligence (Gf) refers to reasoning and problem-solving with novel material, relatively independent of cultural knowledge, while crystallised intelligence (Gc) is the accumulated knowledge acquired through learning and experience. Fluid ability tends to decline earlier in adulthood than crystallised ability.

Question 19Variations in Psychological Attributes

A five-year-old child has a mental age of six years on a standard intelligence scale. Using the ratio formula, the child's intelligence quotient is:

  1. 110
  2. 120 Correct answer.
  3. 83
  4. 100

Explanation

The ratio IQ is obtained by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100, so (6 divided by 5) multiplied by 100 equals 120. This indicates performance above the level expected for the child's age.

Question 20Variations in Psychological Attributes

Which statement correctly describes the difference between an individual test and a group test of intelligence?

  1. An individual test is administered to one person at a time and permits close observation of behaviour Correct answer.
  2. A group test gives richer clinical information about each candidate than an individual test
  3. A group test always requires a trained examiner for each candidate
  4. An individual test can be administered to a whole class simultaneously

Explanation

Individual tests such as the Wechsler scales are given to one person at a time, allowing the examiner to observe responses, motivation and behaviour. Group tests are administered to many people simultaneously and are economical but yield less clinical information per candidate.

Question 21Variations in Psychological Attributes

A school records a student's raw score of 70 on a reasoning test whose norm group mean is 60 and standard deviation is 10. Expressed as a z-score, this performance is:

  1. plus 10
  2. minus 1.0
  3. plus 0.7
  4. plus 1.0 Correct answer.

Explanation

A z-score states how many standard deviations a raw score lies from the mean, computed as the deviation divided by the standard deviation, that is (70 minus 60) divided by 10 equals plus 1.0. The score therefore lies one standard deviation above the norm-group mean.

Question 22Variations in Psychological Attributes

A test manual states a reliability coefficient of 0.90 and a standard error of measurement of 5 points. A student obtains a score of 80. Which interpretation follows most appropriately?

  1. The student's true ability is exactly 80
  2. The student would certainly score 90 on a repeat test
  3. The test is invalid because scores can vary
  4. The true score probably lies within a band of a few points around 80 Correct answer.

Explanation

The standard error of measurement indicates the likely spread of error around an obtained score, so confidence intervals are built around the observed score rather than treating it as exact. High reliability narrows this band but never eliminates uncertainty about the true score.

Question 23Variations in Psychological Attributes

A test designed to measure mathematical reasoning contains mostly items requiring rapid reading of long word problems. A critic argues that the test largely measures reading speed. This criticism concerns the test's:

  1. construct validity Correct answer.
  2. split-half reliability
  3. percentile rank
  4. test-retest reliability

Explanation

Construct validity concerns whether a test truly measures the intended construct rather than some other variable. If reading speed dominates performance, the scores reflect a different construct from mathematical reasoning, so construct validity is threatened.

Question 24Variations in Psychological Attributes

A teacher concludes that a quiet student who rarely volunteers answers must have low intelligence, ignoring the student's excellent written work. This judgement best illustrates:

  1. an accurate application of the normal distribution
  2. a valid use of continuous observation
  3. a reliable projective interpretation
  4. an assessment error arising from confounding behaviour with ability Correct answer.

Explanation

Judging ability from classroom behaviour such as volunteering confounds a personality or temperament characteristic with cognitive ability, producing an invalid inference. Sound assessment requires multiple sources of evidence, including actual performance on tasks.

Question 25Self and Personality

In Freud's structural model of personality, which part operates entirely at the unconscious level and works on the pleasure principle?

  1. The id Correct answer.
  2. The superego
  3. The ego
  4. The ideal self

Explanation

The id is the primitive, inborn reservoir of psychic energy that lies wholly in the unconscious and seeks immediate gratification of instinctual urges through the pleasure principle. The ego and superego develop later and are not confined to the unconscious.

Question 26Self and Personality

A student who is naturally shy and quiet at home behaves in the same reserved way during a college seminar. This consistency of behaviour across situations best illustrates which idea?

  1. Personality as a stable pattern of behaviour Correct answer.
  2. Personality as momentary mood
  3. Personality as physical appearance
  4. Personality as intelligence quotient

Explanation

Personality refers to relatively enduring and consistent patterns of thought, feeling and behaviour that a person shows across situations and over time. The shy student acting similarly at home and in class shows this cross-situational consistency.

Question 27Self and Personality

Which statement correctly describes a cardinal trait in Allport's trait theory?

  1. A trait shared by everyone to some degree
  2. A temporary state triggered by a specific situation
  3. A trait that appears only in secondary, minor situations
  4. A single dominant trait that colours almost every aspect of a person's life Correct answer.

Explanation

Allport distinguished cardinal, central and secondary traits. A cardinal trait is a single ruling passion so pervasive that it shapes nearly all of a person's activities and is often captured in a label such as 'humanitarian'.

Question 28Self and Personality

In Eysenck's PEN model, a person who is restless, highly reactive and easily aroused is best described as high on which dimension?

  1. Neuroticism Correct answer.
  2. Extraversion
  3. Openness
  4. Psychoticism

Explanation

Eysenck's neuroticism dimension reflects emotional instability and a low threshold for arousal of the autonomic nervous system, producing restlessness and moodiness. Extraversion concerns sociability and stimulation-seeking, while psychoticism concerns tough-mindedness.

Question 29Self and Personality

Which pair correctly matches a Big Five factor with its core description?

  1. Extraversion - anxious and moody
  2. Conscientiousness - imaginative and curious
  3. Neuroticism - organised and dependable
  4. Agreeableness - cooperative, trusting and warm Correct answer.

Explanation

In the Big Five (OCEAN) model, agreeableness describes a person who is cooperative, trusting, soft-hearted and good-natured. Each other option pairs a factor name with the description belonging to a different factor.

Question 30Self and Personality

A researcher asks a participant to describe herself in response to ambiguous inkblots and then interprets the themes in her answers. Which technique is being used?

  1. An objective ability test
  2. A situational behaviour sample
  3. A self-report inventory
  4. A projective technique Correct answer.

Explanation

Projective techniques such as the Rorschach present ambiguous stimuli and assume that the person projects inner needs, conflicts and motives onto the material. Interpretation is qualitative and depends heavily on the examiner's clinical judgement.

Question 31Self and Personality

Which statement best expresses the core assumption of the trait approach to personality?

  1. Behaviour is entirely determined by unconscious childhood conflicts
  2. Personality is a collection of free choices made in the present
  3. People differ in stable dispositions that can be measured and used to predict behaviour Correct answer.
  4. Behaviour is shaped mainly by the immediate social situation

Explanation

The trait approach assumes that personality consists of relatively stable, measurable dispositions that differ between people and predict behaviour across situations. This assumption underlies inventories such as the 16PF and the Big Five.

Question 32Self and Personality

In Bandura's social-cognitive theory, reciprocal determinism means that behaviour is influenced by which set of interacting factors?

  1. Cardinal, central and secondary traits
  2. Personal factors, behaviour and the environment Correct answer.
  3. The id, the ego and the superego
  4. Oral, anal and phallic stages

Explanation

Bandura held that personal factors such as cognitions and self-efficacy, the person's own behaviour and the environmental context all influence one another bidirectionally. This mutual influence is what he called reciprocal determinism.

Question 33Self and Personality

A girl who is weak at mathematics watches a classmate solve problems successfully and then attempts harder sums herself with greater confidence. Which concept from social-cognitive theory best explains her improved effort?

  1. Fixation at a psychosexual stage
  2. Trait heritability
  3. Vicarious learning raising self-efficacy Correct answer.
  4. Repression of failure anxiety

Explanation

Watching a similar model succeed provides vicarious experience, which is one of the main sources of self-efficacy in Bandura's theory. Higher self-efficacy then increases persistence and effort on the task.

Question 34Self and Personality

Which statement correctly distinguishes the real self from the ideal self in Rogers' theory?

  1. The real self is what one actually is, while the ideal self is what one would like to be Correct answer.
  2. The real self is inherited, while the ideal self is learned
  3. The real self is measured by IQ, while the ideal self is measured by EQ
  4. The real self is unconscious, while the ideal self is conscious

Explanation

Rogers described the real self as the person's actual self-perception and the ideal self as the self-concept one aspires to. A large gap between them produces incongruence and is associated with low self-worth.

Question 35Self and Personality

According to Rogers, a child who is accepted and valued only when she meets her parents' expectations develops which condition?

  1. A cardinal trait
  2. Conditions of worth Correct answer.
  3. An internal locus of control
  4. Unconditional positive regard

Explanation

When love and acceptance are made conditional on particular behaviours, the child internalises conditions of worth and may distort experience to keep parental approval. Unconditional positive regard, by contrast, accepts the child regardless of behaviour.

Question 36Self and Personality

Which statement best describes the humanistic view of human nature?

  1. People are inherently driven toward growth and self-actualisation Correct answer.
  2. People are fixed by their traits at birth
  3. People are controlled by unconscious instincts and conflict
  4. People are blank slates shaped only by reinforcement

Explanation

Humanistic psychology, represented by Maslow and Rogers, holds that people are basically good and strive toward growth, fulfilment and self-actualisation. It emphasises free will and subjective experience rather than instinct or reinforcement.

Question 37Self and Personality

A woman who is angry with her manager praises him warmly and enthusiastically at a team meeting. Which defence mechanism does this most closely illustrate?

  1. Regression
  2. Reaction formation Correct answer.
  3. Projection
  4. Displacement

Explanation

Reaction formation occurs when an unacceptable impulse is kept out of awareness by expressing its exact opposite. Warm public praise in place of hidden anger fits this pattern.

Question 38Self and Personality

A man who is criticised by his supervisor says that his colleague is the one who cannot handle feedback. Which defence mechanism is he using?

  1. Identification
  2. Rationalisation
  3. Projection Correct answer.
  4. Sublimation

Explanation

Projection involves attributing one's own unacceptable feelings or shortcomings to another person. Blaming the colleague for an inability to take criticism reflects exactly this displacement of the man's own difficulty onto someone else.

Question 39Self and Personality

In Freud's psychosexual theory, the latency period is characterised by which feature?

  1. Gratification is centred on the mouth through feeding
  2. Sexual urges are repressed and the child focuses on school and peer activities Correct answer.
  3. Pleasure is focused on the anus through toilet training
  4. Sexual energy is directed toward the opposite-sex parent

Explanation

During latency, roughly from six years to puberty, psychosexual energy is largely sublimated and the child's attention shifts to schoolwork, skills and same-sex peers. It follows the resolution of the phallic stage's Oedipal conflict.

Question 40Self and Personality

A child who is harshly toilet-trained and later becomes unusually stingy and excessively orderly is, in Freudian terms, showing which pattern?

  1. Phallic fixation
  2. Oral fixation
  3. Anal fixation Correct answer.
  4. Latency fixation

Explanation

Freud linked unresolved conflict at the anal stage, often involving rigid toilet training, to later traits of orderliness, parsimony and obstinacy, described as anal fixation. The oral and phallic stages are associated with different trait patterns.

Question 41Self and Personality

Which statement correctly describes the use of a self-report inventory to assess personality?

  1. The person responds to standardised statements about their own behaviour and feelings Correct answer.
  2. The examiner interprets the person's responses to ambiguous pictures
  3. The person's behaviour is recorded in a controlled laboratory situation
  4. The person's unconscious conflicts are inferred from dream content

Explanation

Self-report inventories such as the MMPI or the Big Five questionnaire present standardised items to which the respondent indicates agreement, yielding scores on defined dimensions. They are objective and easy to score but depend on honest self-knowledge.

Question 42Self and Personality

A psychologist uses a test of personality and, on two separate occasions, obtains almost identical scores for the same person. Which property does this mainly demonstrate?

  1. Content validity
  2. Face validity
  3. Inter-rater reliability
  4. Test-retest reliability Correct answer.

Explanation

Test-retest reliability refers to the consistency of scores when the same test is administered to the same person on two occasions. A high correlation between the two sets of scores indicates that the measure is stable and dependable.

Question 43Self and Personality

A candidate who believes that passing the examination depends on luck, teachers' moods and easy question papers is showing which orientation?

  1. Internal locus of control
  2. High self-efficacy
  3. External locus of control Correct answer.
  4. High self-monitoring

Explanation

Rotter's locus of control concerns where a person places responsibility for outcomes. Attributing results to luck, other people and external circumstances indicates an external locus of control, whereas an internal orientation attributes outcomes to one's own effort and ability.

Question 44Self and Personality

In the study of the self, which term refers to the process by which people observe and evaluate their own behaviour and then adjust it?

  1. Self-regulation Correct answer.
  2. Self-serving bias
  3. Self-handicapping
  4. Self-actualisation

Explanation

Self-regulation is the self's capacity to monitor, evaluate and modify its own thoughts and actions in pursuit of goals. It depends on self-awareness and is central to social-cognitive accounts of personality.

Question 45Self and Personality

Which statement best describes the relationship between the id, ego and superego in a well-adjusted personality?

  1. The superego satisfies instinctual urges directly
  2. The id dominates and dictates all behaviour
  3. The ego negotiates among the id's demands, the superego's moral standards and reality Correct answer.
  4. The id and superego operate without any involvement of the ego

Explanation

In Freud's mature account, the ego acts as the executive that mediates among the instinctual demands of the id, the moral prohibitions of the superego and the constraints of external reality. A well-adjusted personality reflects a balance among these agencies.

Question 46Self and Personality

A researcher finds that extraversion scores are strongly correlated in identical twins reared apart but only weakly correlated in unrelated children. Which conclusion is most reasonable?

  1. Extraversion is entirely learned from the shared environment
  2. Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in extraversion Correct answer.
  3. Extraversion cannot be measured reliably
  4. Extraversion is unrelated to personality

Explanation

Higher similarity in identical twins reared apart than in unrelated children points to a heritable contribution to the trait, since the separated twins share genes rather than environment. It does not show that the trait is wholly genetic, only that genetic factors are involved.

Question 47Self and Personality

A man who has strong aggressive impulses becomes a successful surgeon, channelling the urges into socially acceptable work. Which defence mechanism is illustrated?

  1. Denial
  2. Reaction formation
  3. Repression
  4. Sublimation Correct answer.

Explanation

Sublimation redirects unacceptable instinctual energy into socially valued activities such as surgery, sport or art. The impulse is not simply blocked but transformed into a constructive outlet.

Question 48Self and Personality

A personality inventory that claims to measure 'honesty' actually measures the social desirability of the respondent's answers. This problem concerns which issue?

  1. Construct validity Correct answer.
  2. Split-half reliability
  3. Test-retest reliability
  4. Inter-rater reliability

Explanation

Construct validity asks whether a test measures the theoretical attribute it claims to measure. If scores mainly reflect social desirability rather than honesty, the instrument lacks construct validity even if it is consistent and easy to score.

Question 49Self and Personality

Which statement best captures the difference between trait theory and social-cognitive theory in explaining behaviour?

  1. Trait theory stresses reinforcement, while social-cognitive theory stresses cardinal traits
  2. Trait theory stresses unconscious conflict, while social-cognitive theory stresses heredity
  3. Trait theory stresses free will, while social-cognitive theory stresses psychosexual stages
  4. Trait theory stresses stable dispositions, while social-cognitive theory stresses interaction between the person and the situation Correct answer.

Explanation

Trait theorists explain behaviour by reference to enduring dispositions that produce consistency across situations. Social-cognitive theorists such as Bandura emphasise that behaviour emerges from the continuous interaction of personal factors, behaviour and the environment.

Question 50Self and Personality

In the Indian approach to personality described in the NCERT psychology textbook, the triguna model explains temperament through three qualities. Which set correctly names them?

  1. Cardinal, central and secondary
  2. Id, ego and superego
  3. Sattva, rajas and tamas Correct answer.
  4. Overt, covert and neutral

Explanation

The triguna model is a classical Indian framework in which three gunas - sattva (purity, balance, wisdom), rajas (activity, passion, restlessness) and tamas (inertia, dullness, ignorance) - combine in different proportions to shape a person's temperament and behaviour. The other sets belong to Freudian psychoanalysis, Allport's trait hierarchy and behavioural classification respectively.