Karnataka II PUC Home Science (KSEAB) cheat sheet

Food groups: energy-giving (cereals, roots, sugars), body-building (pulses, milk, egg, meat), protective (fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs) - a balanced diet draws from all three.

Energy values: carbohydrate 4 kcal/g, protein 4 kcal/g, fat 9 kcal/g; a 2000 kcal reference diet is roughly 60% carbohydrate, 15% protein, 25% fat.

Deficiency mapping: vitamin A → night blindness; vitamin D → rickets/osteomalacia; vitamin C → scurvy; thiamine (B1) → beriberi; niacin → pellagra; iron → anaemia; iodine → goitre.

Protein quality: animal proteins and soy are complete; cereal proteins are limiting in lysine, pulse proteins in methionine, so cereal–pulse combinations (idli, khichdi, roti-dal) complement each other.

Food preservation principles: remove moisture (drying), lower pH (pickling), raise osmotic pressure (sugar, salt), heat-sterilise (canning), chill or freeze, exclude oxygen, or use preservatives.

Rancidity is oxidative or hydrolytic spoilage of fats; antioxidants (vitamin E, BHA) and airtight, dark, cool storage delay it.

Sanitation rule: wash hands before handling food, keep raw and cooked foods separate, cook thoroughly, hold hot foods above 60 °C and cold foods below 5 °C.

Meal planning factors: family size, age and sex, physiological state (pregnancy, lactation), occupation, income, season, local availability, and food habits.

Recommended dietary allowances are set per age, sex, and physiological state; pregnancy and lactation add energy and protein (about 300–500 extra kcal and 15–25 g protein per day).

Malnutrition has two faces: undernutrition (marasmus - severe energy deficit; kwashiorkor - protein deficit with oedema) and overnutrition (obesity, type 2 diabetes risk).

Anthropometry for growth monitoring: weight-for-age (underweight), height-for-age (stunting), weight-for-height (wasting), and mid-upper-arm circumference for screening.

Pasteurisation heats milk to about 63 °C for 30 minutes (holder) or 72 °C for 15 seconds (HTF) then rapidly cools it; it kills pathogens, not spores.

Germinated and fermented foods (sprouts, idli, curd) improve digestibility, B-vitamin content, and availability of iron and zinc.

Dietary fibre (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin) is not digested by humans; it adds bulk, prevents constipation, and lowers blood cholesterol.

Goitrogens in raw cabbage and mustard reduce iodine uptake; iodised salt and cooking counteract this.

Adulteration tests: starch in milk (iodine → blue), metanil yellow in turmeric (dilute HCl → pink), sawdust in tea (floatation), and chalk in flour (effervescence with acid).

Nutrient functions: calcium and phosphorus build bone and teeth; iron carries oxygen in haemoglobin; iodine forms thyroid hormones; zinc supports immunity and wound healing.

Water-soluble vitamins (B complex, C) are not stored - daily intake needed; fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the liver and can be toxic in excess.

Vitamin D is synthesised in skin from sunlight (UVB); deficiency in children causes rickets with bow legs and delayed fontanelle closure.

Breast milk is the ideal first food for about six months; colostrum is rich in immunoglobulin A and should not be discarded.

Complementary feeding starts at six months while breastfeeding continues to two years; first foods should be soft, energy-dense, and iron-rich.

Weaning foods must be hygienically prepared because an infant's immune system and gut are immature; introduce one food at a time to spot allergies.

A balanced diet supplies energy plus all essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and fibre in appropriate proportions.

Basal metabolic rate falls with age and rises with lean body mass; physical activity level multiplies BMR to give total energy expenditure.

Fabrics: natural fibres (cotton, silk, wool, jute) versus man-made (polyester, nylon, rayon, acrylic); blends combine properties such as strength with comfort.

Cotton is absorbent, strong when wet, and damaged by strong acids; it withstands hot water and alkali washing.

Wool is protein (keratin) - damaged by alkali and bleach, felted by heat plus agitation, and attacked by moths; wash in cool, neutral soap.

Silk is also protein; it loses strength when wet and is harmed by sunlight, perspiration, and strong alkali.

Polyester and nylon are thermoplastic: they melt at high iron temperatures, dry quickly, and are non-absorbent - iron on low heat through a cloth.

Basic weaves: plain (one-up-one-down, strongest), twill (diagonal rib), satin (floats, lustrous but snags), plus knit fabrics that stretch.

Laundry sequence: sort by colour and fabric, remove stains, soak, wash, rinse, starch, dry in shade, iron, and store.

Stain removal rule: treat fresh stains from the back of the fabric with cold water first; use solvents for grease and dilute acid or bleach only on colourfast fabric.

Hand stitches: running (gathering, tucks), back stitch (strong seams), hemming (invisible finish), blanket (edge finish on felt), and chain stitch (decoration).

Seam types: plain seam (most common, pressed open), French seam (encloses raw edges, for sheer/light fabrics), run-and-fell (strong, for shirts and jeans).

Pattern layout: place the straight grain parallel to the selvedge, use notches and fold lines, and cut with sharp shears leaving the seam allowance.

Body measurements needed for a basic blouse or kurta: bust, waist, hip, shoulder width, back neck depth, front neck depth, sleeve length, and garment length.

Taking measurements: keep the tape snug but not tight, measure over light clothing, and record in centimetres or inches consistently.

Sewing machine parts: needle and throat plate, presser foot, feed dogs, bobbin and bobbin case, tension dial, and take-up lever.

Drafting uses body measurements plus ease (movement allowance) and seam allowance (usually 1–1.5 cm) added to the pattern.

Fabric care symbols: tub with water = wash, triangle = bleach, square with circle = tumble dry, iron symbol with dots = temperature, circle = dry clean.

Child development domains: physical (gross and fine motor), cognitive (Piaget's sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational stages), language, social, and emotional.

Milestones: sits with support around 6 months, stands with support around 9 months, walks alone around 12–15 months, uses two-word phrases around 18–24 months.

Piaget's preoperational stage (2–7 years) is marked by egocentrism, animism, and lack of conservation; concrete operations (7–11) bring conservation and reversibility.

Play stages: solitary, parallel, associative, and cooperative; play develops motor skills, language, and social rules.

Parenting styles: authoritative (high warmth, high control) is linked with the best outcomes; authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved are the other three.

Adolescence brings puberty, rapid growth spurt, secondary sexual characteristics, and identity formation; peer approval becomes strong.

Development is influenced by heredity and environment (nature and nurture); both prenatal nutrition and early stimulation matter.

Discipline should be consistent and explanatory; physical punishment is associated with aggression and poorer mental health.

Family life cycle stages: beginning family, expanding (childbearing), contracting (children leave), and ageing family - each has different needs and resources.

Family functions: biological (reproduction, care), economic (production, consumption), socialisation, emotional support, and protection of members.

Family types: nuclear, joint, extended, and single-parent; each has different decision-making and resource-sharing patterns.

Home management process: planning, organising, implementing, and evaluating - applied to time, money, energy, and space.

Time management tools: work simplification, standardisation, and peak-load planning; classify tasks as must-do, should-do, and could-do.

Budget types: balanced, surplus, and deficit; a household budget records fixed and variable expenditure and should be reviewed periodically.

Savings and investment: recurring deposits, fixed deposits, post office schemes, life insurance, and mutual funds differ in liquidity and risk.

Consumer rights include safety, information, choice, being heard, redressal, and consumer education; the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, covers e-commerce and product liability.

Communicable diseases spread by air (tuberculosis, measles), water and food (cholera, typhoid), vectors (malaria by Anopheles mosquito, dengue by Aedes), and contact (scabies).

Malaria control targets mosquito breeding sites and uses nets; dengue control removes stagnant water in containers because Aedes breeds in clean water.

Immunisation under India's Universal Immunisation Programme includes BCG, oral polio, hepatitis B, pentavalent (DPT-HepB-Hib), measles-rubella, and vitamin A doses.

First aid: for burns, cool with running water and never apply oil or toothpaste; for fractures, immobilise before moving; for choking, use back blows and abdominal thrusts.

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) treats dehydration in diarrhoea; zinc supplements for 14 days reduce severity and recurrence.

Non-communicable disease risk factors: tobacco, alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and obesity; hypertension and diabetes are major contributors.

Puberty and reproductive health education covers menstrual hygiene, nutrition for adolescent girls (iron and folate), and prevention of anaemia.

Sanitation and safe water: boiling, chlorination, filtration, and covered storage prevent waterborne disease; handwashing with soap reduces diarrhoeal incidence substantially.