Karnataka II PUC Urdu (KSEAB) flashcards

34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Markazi khayal

The central idea or theme of a prose lesson or poem. Stating it in one clear sentence is required for theme questions in nasr and nazm.

Musannif

The author of a prose work. In nasr questions, you must match the correct musannif to each prescribed lesson, since mismatches lose all marks.

Kirdar

A character in a story or sketch. Character answers need actions, others' opinions, and the text's own evaluation of the person.

Iqtebas

A short quotation or extract taken from a lesson. Comprehension answers gain marks when an iqtebas anchors the explanation.

Nazm

A poem with one continuous theme and unified thought, unlike the ghazal's independent couplets. Appreciation must note this thematic unity.

Tashbeeh

Simile in Urdu rhetoric: an explicit comparison using words such as 'jaise' or 'ki tarah'. Naming it earns the separate device mark.

Isti'ara

Metaphor: a comparison where the shared quality is transferred without an explicit comparison word. Common in Iqbal's philosophical nazms.

Mubaligha

Hyperbole or deliberate exaggeration for effect. Identify it and then explain the emotional intensification it produces in the line.

Takhallus

The poet's pen name, usually placed in the maqta, the final sher of a ghazal. Questions often ask the takhallus of prescribed poets.

Matla

The opening sher of a ghazal, in which both lines carry the qafiya and radif. It is the most frequently quoted couplet.

Radif

The word or phrase repeated after the qafiya at the end of both lines of every sher. Identify it before writing tashreeh.

Qafiya

The rhyming element that precedes the radif in a ghazal. It stays constant across all ashaar of the same ghazal.

Behr

The metre of a ghazal, built from repeating arkan such as fa'ilatun and mafailun. One ghazal keeps a single behr throughout.

Husn-e-ta'lil

Assigning an imaginative, poetic cause to a real effect. Naming this device strengthens tashreeh answers in ghazal explanation.

Tashreeh

Explanation of a sher: literal meaning, then the poetic device, then the deeper emotional or philosophical sense, in that order.

Non-detailed text

The supplementary reader examined for plot, character, setting, and theme rather than detailed language study. Answers summarise events briefly and accurately.

Title significance

A question asking why the title fits the work. Answer by linking the title to the central theme with two specific incidents.

Ism-e-khas

A proper noun naming a specific person, place, or thing, such as 'Delhi' or 'Ghalib'. Contrast with ism-e-aam, a common noun.

Fi'l-e-mazi

The past tense verb form in Urdu, e.g. 'likha' (wrote). Identify tense before conjugating or correcting a sentence.

Sifat and mausuf

Adjective and the noun it describes. In Urdu the sifat follows the mausuf and agrees with it in gender and number.

Izafat

A construction joining two nouns with -e-, as in shab-e-hijr. The first noun is muzaf and the second is muzaf ilaih.

Muhawara

An idiom whose meaning is figurative, not literal. In grammar and translation, give the idiomatic sense; a literal rendering scores zero.

Tazkeer-o-tanees

Masculine and feminine gender of nouns. Urdu gender is lexical, so learn each noun's gender as a dictionary fact rather than by rule.

Precis rules

Reduce a passage to about one-third, keep the main argument, drop examples and repetition, use your own words, and supply a short title.

Khat ke ajza

The parts of a letter: sender's address, date, salutation, body, and closing. Examined as a labelling question as well as in full-letter writing.

Darkhwast format

A formal application: sender details, date, recipient designation, subject line, body, and a formal closing such as 'Arz guzar hai'.

Unwan

A title for a passage or composition. For unseen passages, choose a short phrase covering the main idea, not a first-line detail.

Inference in fahm

A comprehension question about what the writer implies rather than states. Answer with 'the passage suggests...' plus textual reason.

Khuda-e-Sukhan

The title 'God of Poetry' given to Mir Taqi Mir for his mastery of the ghazal. He belongs to the 18th-century Delhi school.

Ab-e-Hayat

Muhammad Husain Azad's foundational history of Urdu poetry. The title and author are standard literary-history recall items.

Aligarh movement

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's reform movement, which pushed Urdu prose toward rationalism, reform, and modern education in the late 19th century.

Baba-e-Urdu

The title given to Maulvi Abdul Haq for his work on Urdu standardisation and the Anjuman Taraqqi-e-Urdu.

SOV to SVO shift

Urdu places the verb last (subject-object-verb), English places it after the object (subject-verb-object). Restructure before translating.

Passive with jaana

Urdu forms passives with a form of 'jaana', as in 'likha gaya'. Translate as an English passive or convert to active, keeping the agent clear.