Karnataka KSEAB II PUC Apparel Made-Ups & Home Furnishing cheat sheet

Apparel industry segments: garment manufacturing, home textiles (bed, bath, kitchen, upholstery), technical textiles; India's textile value chain runs fibre → yarn → fabric → garment/furnishing.

Ready-made garment (RMG) export leaders: Bangladesh, Vietnam, China, India; India's strength is cotton-based apparel and home textiles such as bed linen and terry towels.

Home furnishing product families: bed linen, towels, curtains, upholstery, cushions, table linen, floor coverings, wall coverings.

Apparel sizing systems: Indian standards follow body measurements in cm; UK/US use numeric sizes, Europe uses EN 13402 body-dimension labelling.

Seasonal calendar drives design: spring/summer and autumn/winter collections are developed 6–12 months before retail selling season.

Fashion cycle stages: introduction, growth, maturity, decline; short-cycle fast fashion compresses the cycle to weeks.

Value chain margin rises downstream: fabric to finished garment to brand retail; design and branding capture the largest share.

Career roles: designer, pattern maker, sample maker, merchandiser, production supervisor, quality inspector, visual merchandiser.

Fibre classification: natural (cotton, linen, wool, silk) and man-made (regenerated such as viscose, acetate; synthetic such as polyester, nylon, acrylic, spandex).

Cotton: cellulose, absorbs moisture well, comfortable, weaker when wet, shrinks; burns with paper smell and grey ash.

Polyester: synthetic, strong, low moisture regain, thermoplastic, heat-sensitive, builds static; burns with black smoke and hard bead.

Yarn count systems: direct (tex = g per 1000 m; denier = g per 9000 m) - higher number = coarser; indirect (Ne cotton count) - higher number = finer.

Twist direction: S-twist and Z-twist; higher twist gives stronger, leaner yarn; low twist gives softer, bulkier yarn.

Weave structures: plain (balanced, strongest, e.g. poplin, cambric), twill (diagonal, e.g. denim, gabardine), satin (long floats, lustrous, low interlacing).

Knitting: weft knit (single jersey, rib, interlock) stretches across; warp knit (tricot, raschel) is more stable and less extensible.

Non-woven and other constructions: felt (fibre entanglement), bonded, lace, net; fabric weight expressed as GSM (g/m²) and cover factor for wovens.

Preparatory wet processes: desizing, scouring (removes waxes/oils), bleaching (removes natural colour), mercerising (caustic soda under tension → lustre, strength, dye uptake).

Mechanical finishes: calendering (glaze/schreiner), sanforising (compressive shrinkage control), raising (nap), embossing, tentering for width control.

Chemical finishes: easy-care/resin (crease recovery), water repellent, flame retardant, anti-microbial, softening, moth-proofing.

Dye classes by fibre: reactive and vat for cotton; acid and reactive for wool/silk; disperse for polyester; basic (cationic) for acrylic.

Dyeing methods: stock, yarn (hank/package), piece, and garment dyeing; continuous vs exhaust (batch) dyeing.

Printing methods: block, screen (flat/rotary), roller, transfer (sublimation for polyester), digital inkjet; discharge and resist styles.

Colour fastness tests: washing, rubbing (crocking), light, perspiration; rated 1–5 (grey scale), higher is better.

Colour theory for dyeing: hue, value, chroma; trichromatic dyeing uses three primaries plus shading colours to match a shade.

Pattern-making methods: drafting (measurement-based), draping on dress form, and flat pattern manipulation (slash-and-spread, pivot).

Key body measurements: bust/chest, waist, hip, shoulder, back length, sleeve length, inseam; ease = difference between body and garment measurement.

Dart manipulation: a dart can be moved anywhere around the pattern's pivot point without changing fit; converting darts to seams, tucks or gathers.

Pattern symbols: grain line (parallel to selvedge), notches, fold line, dart, place-on-fold, buttonhole and button placement.

Seam allowance standards: 1 cm for most seams, 1.5–2 cm for side seams and hems; cutting line vs stitching line must be distinguished.

Basic blocks: bodice, sleeve, skirt, trouser; graded with a grade rule (e.g. 4–5 cm bust grade per size) for size sets.

Construction sequence: cutting → marking → fusing → stitching → pressing; pressing between stages improves final appearance.

Fit evaluation: check balance, drag lines, grain alignment, and ease at bust, armhole, and crotch for trousers.

Stitch classes (ISO 4915): 100 chain stitch, 200 hand stitch, 300 lockstitch, 400 multi-thread chain (overlock), 500 overedge, 600 covering chain.

Seam classes (ISO 4916): class 1 superimposed, class 2 lapped, class 3 bound, class 4 flat, class 5 decorative, class 6 edge neatening, class 7 attaching.

Lockstitch (301) uses two threads and a bobbin; overlock (504/514) trims and neatens edges while joining knits.

Machine parts: needle, needle plate, feed dog, presser foot, bobbin case, tension discs; needle size is chosen by fabric weight.

Needle systems: universal, ballpoint for knits, sharp for wovens, jeans needle for denim; needle size notation e.g. 80/12.

Stitch density: stitches per inch (SPI); 10–12 SPI is typical for wovens; too high SPI causes seam pucker and thread breakage.

Seam strength factors: thread strength and type, SPI, seam allowance, fabric weight; seam efficiency = seam strength ÷ fabric strength × 100.

Special machines: bartack for stress points, buttonhole, blind hem, feed-off-the-arm for inseams, and embroidery machines for embellishment.

Elements of design: line, shape/form, colour, texture, space; principles: balance, rhythm, emphasis, proportion, harmony, unity.

Colour wheels: primary, secondary, tertiary; schemes include monochromatic, analogous, complementary, split-complementary, triadic.

Colour psychology and effect: warm colours advance, cool colours recede; vertical lines lengthen, horizontal lines widen.

Fashion figure proportions for illustration: about 8–9 heads tall for croquis; fashion figures exaggerate legs and elongate the neck.

Illustration tools: croquis template, tracing paper, marker, watercolour, and digital tools; flat sketches show construction detail for tech packs.

Design development: mood board → colour story → fabric selection → sketches → sample → tech pack with measurements and construction notes.

Silhouette categories: A-line, H-line, Y-line, bustle, empire, tent, and shift; silhouette changes with waist position and hem width.

Technical drawing conventions: seams, topstitch, darts, and trims shown in flat sketches with callouts for the sampling team.

Soft furnishing categories: curtains and blinds, upholstery, cushions, bed linen, table linen, towels, rugs, and wall hangings.

Curtain heading types: pencil pleat, pinch pleat, eyelet, tab top, rod pocket; fullness ratio commonly 2–2.5× the track width.

Fabric quantity for curtains: width = track width × fullness ratio; drops = finished length + hem allowance + heading allowance.

Upholstery fabrics: weight and abrasion matter; Martindale rub count (≥20,000 domestic, ≥30,000 contract) and GSM guide selection.

Bed linen sizes: single, double, queen, king; flat sheet length = mattress length + tuck-in allowance (usually 20–30 cm).

Flame retardancy is mandatory for contract upholstery and furnishings in public buildings; specify FR-treated or inherently FR fibres.

Colour and pattern in interiors: large-scale patterns suit large rooms; light colours make small rooms appear larger; scale must match room size.

Care labelling and aftercare: curtains are often dry-clean only; shrinkage of cotton furnishing fabrics must be pre-shrunk or sanforised.

Embroidery stitches: running, stem, chain, satin, French knot, lazy daisy, blanket, cross stitch; each gives a different texture and line quality.

Traditional Indian embroidery: kantha (running stitch, Bengal), chikankari (white-on-white, Lucknow), zardosi (metal thread), phulkari (Punjab), mirror work (gujarat/rajasthan).

Embellishment materials: sequins, beads, mirrors (abhla), pearls, zari, lace, ribbons, cords, and appliqué patches.

Appliqué and reverse appliqué: fabric shapes stitched onto a base; reverse appliqué cuts through the top layer to reveal the layer below.

Other techniques: quilting, patchwork, smocking, pleating, tucking, fabric painting, batik, tie-dye, block printing.

Attachment methods: hand sewing, machine embroidery, computerised multi-head embroidery; digitising converts artwork to stitch files.

Durability considerations: embellishments must survive washing; beads and sequins need secure anchoring and care labels may say hand wash or dry clean.

Design balance: embellishment placement should follow the garment's focal points (neckline, hem, cuffs) and not distort drape.

Cost sheet components: direct material + direct labour + direct expenses = prime cost; add factory overhead = works cost; add admin, selling and distribution = total cost.

Selling price = total cost + profit margin; markup is on cost, margin is on selling price - they are not the same percentage.

Break-even quantity = fixed cost ÷ (selling price per unit − variable cost per unit).

Care label symbols (ISO 3758): washtub with temperature, triangle for bleach, square for drying, iron for temperature, circle for dry cleaning (P, F, A).

Washing parameters: cotton can take hot wash and hot iron; wool needs cool wash, flat dry; polyester needs low iron; silk and rayon need gentle care.

Stain removal principle: identify the stain, use the mildest method first, blot not rub, and test on a hidden area.

Merchandising maths: fabric consumption per garment (marker efficiency), wastage allowance, and order costing per dozen.

Small business essentials: costing, sampling, vendor sourcing, quality control, GST and export documentation basics, and cash-flow planning.

Machine safety: keep fingers clear of the needle, use a needle guard, switch off before threading or changing needles, and never remove the belt guard.

Electrical safety: check plugs and cables for damage, earth the machine, keep water away from electrical points, and know the location of the main switch.

Ergonomic practice: adjustable chair height, correct table height, footrest, and periodic breaks reduce musculoskeletal strain in sewing rooms.

Tool identification: measuring tape, L-square, French curve, hip curve, seam ripper, pinking shears, tailor's chalk, tracing wheel, and pattern notcher.

Cutting room safety: use a cut-resistant glove on the guiding hand, keep the straight-knife blade guarded, and cut away from the body.

Fire safety: keep extinguishers accessible, store flammable solvents and adhesives safely, and keep exits clear.

First aid: treat needle pricks and cuts promptly; report accidents; keep a first-aid box stocked in the workshop.

Housekeeping (5S): sort, set in order, shine, standardise, sustain - prevents trips, lost tools, and fabric contamination.

Burning test cues: cotton/linen burn like paper with grey ash; wool/silk smell of burnt hair and form a crushable black bead; synthetics melt and form a hard bead.

Solubility tests: acetate dissolves in acetone; polyester resists most solvents; nylon dissolves in formic acid; cotton dissolves in 70% sulphuric acid.

Microscopic appearance: cotton is a flattened twisted ribbon; wool has scales; silk is smooth and triangular; polyester is smooth and rod-like.

Moisture regain: cotton ~8.5%, viscose ~11–13%, wool ~13–16%, polyester ~0.4% - higher regain means better comfort and static dissipation.

Fibre blends are identified by testing each component; blend ratio affects dyeing, care, and cost.

Quality tests for fabric: GSM, tensile strength, tear strength, shrinkage, colour fastness, pilling, and dimensional stability.

Muslin/toile is a test garment in cheap fabric used to check fit before cutting the final fabric.

Grain line must run parallel to the centre front/back and selvedge; off-grain cutting causes twisting after washing.

Ease types: wearing ease (movement), design ease (style), and negative ease for stretch knits.

Notches transfer matching points from pattern to fabric; a single notch marks front, double marks back.

Trueing the pattern means smoothing seams so adjoining edges match in length and shape.

Grading increases or decreases pattern dimensions by a fixed rule per size, not by scaling the whole pattern.

Croquis poses show movement; the walking pose with weight on one leg is standard for showing garment drape.

Rendering techniques: marker blending, watercolour washes, and coloured pencil hatching convey fabric texture such as shine or knit.

Fabric rendering cues: satin shows sharp highlights, wool shows matte texture, chiffon shows transparency and soft folds.

Presentation board layout: title, inspiration, colour palette, fabric swatches, flats, and illustrations in a logical flow.

Cushion cover size should be 2–5 cm larger than the insert for a full look.

Upholstery fabric estimate: measure each panel, add seam allowance and pattern repeat, then add 10–15% wastage.

Pattern repeat matching on curtains and upholstery increases required fabric by one full repeat per drop.

Lining and interlining improve insulation, block light, and add body to curtains and upholstery.

Shrinkage control: sanforising for wovens, compacting for knits; residual shrinkage should be declared on the label.

Bleach symbols: empty triangle = any bleach; crossed triangle = no bleach; chlorine vs oxygen bleach distinguished by diagonal lines.

Dry-cleaning symbols: circle with P (perchloroethylene), F (hydrocarbon), A (any solvent); crossed circle = do not dry clean.

Ironing dots: one dot = low (~110°C), two = medium (~150°C), three = high (~200°C).

Wool felts and shrinks with heat, moisture, and agitation; hand wash cool and dry flat.

Sun-drying silk and wool causes yellowing and fibre damage; dry in shade.

Measuring tape is 150 cm long with markings on both sides; it must not stretch - replace worn tapes.

Sewing machine needle size increases with fabric weight: 60/8 for chiffon, 80/12 for shirting, 100/16 for denim.

Machine oiling and lint cleaning are routine maintenance that prevent skipped stitches and overheating.

Thread type must match fabric: polyester thread for synthetics, cotton thread for cotton, silk thread for delicate silks.

Merchandiser bridges buyer and factory: handles sampling, costing, order tracking, and delivery schedules.

Tech pack contains flats, measurements, construction details, fabric and trim specs, and labelling instructions.

Sampling stages: proto sample, fit sample, size-set sample, sales sample, and pre-production sample.

Compliance: buyer codes of conduct cover child labour, wages, working hours, and factory safety audits.

Liquor ratio = volume of dye bath ÷ weight of material (e.g. 10:1 means 10 L per kg of fabric).

Dye concentration is expressed as % on weight of fabric (owf).

Colour matching uses spectrophotometer readings and the CIE Lab* system where L is lightness and a, b are colour axes.

Metamerism occurs when two samples match under one light source but differ under another.

French seam is a class 2 lapped seam used on lightweight and sheer fabrics to enclose raw edges.

Flat-felled seam is strong and decorative, used on denim and shirts; it is a class 4 flat seam.

Plain seam with overlocked edges is the common class 1 superimposed seam for wovens.

Stretch knits need seams with extensibility; overlock or coverstitch prevents seam cracking.

Seam puckering causes: incorrect thread tension, too high SPI, needle heat, or mismatched thread and fabric.

Repeat and spacing of beads or sequins should follow a grid or motif plan to keep the design consistent.

Weight added by embellishment affects garment drape and requires stronger backing or interfacing.

Mirror work uses shisha mirrors secured with buttonhole or herringbone stitch around the edge.

Zari thread tarnishes with washing; zardosi work is usually dry clean only.

Placket, collar, cuff, pocket, and facing are garment components attached in a set sequence.

Interfacing adds support to collars, cuffs, and plackets; fusible interfacing is applied with heat and pressure.

Zip insertion types: centred, lapped, invisible, and fly-front; invisible zip is used in dresses and skirts.

Hems: plain turned, blind, rolled, and faced; hem stitch should be loose enough not to show on the right side.

Monochromatic uses one hue in varying values and intensities; analogous uses adjacent hues on the wheel.

Complementary pairs are opposite on the colour wheel and create high contrast.

Value contrast determines legibility; low contrast reads as subtle and elegant.

Colour fastness and dye lot variation must be checked before approving a colour story for production.

Correct sitting posture: feet flat on the floor, knees at about 90°, and the work surface at elbow height.

Lighting should be adequate and glare-free; task lighting reduces eye strain in inspection and hand work.

Rotate tasks and take micro-breaks to prevent repetitive strain injury in long sewing shifts.

Ventilation is essential where adhesives, solvents, and fusible chemicals are used.

Home furnishing retail channels: departmental stores, specialty home stores, online marketplaces, and export buyers.

Institutional buyers (hotels, hospitals) specify contract-grade fabrics with higher abrasion and FR requirements.

Seasonal home collections follow colour forecasts from trend agencies such as WGSN and Pantone.

Private-label programmes let retailers specify their own design and branding on factory-produced goods.

GSM bands: lightweight below 100 g/m², medium 100–250 g/m², heavy above 250 g/m².

Fabric cover factor depends on thread spacing and yarn count; higher cover means denser, less air-permeable fabric.

Knitted fabrics are extensible and comfortable; wovens are dimensionally stable and hold shape.

Blending improves performance: polyester-cotton resists wrinkles while retaining moisture absorption.

Common finishing defects: uneven shade, crease marks, water spots, and uneven calendering.

Mercerisation without tension gives poor lustre and increased shrinkage.

Resin finishes can release formaldehyde; low-formaldehyde finishes are required for babywear.

Fastness to light is critical for curtains and upholstery exposed to sunlight.

Upper thread looping underneath indicates upper tension too loose or bobbin tension too tight.

Skipped stitches usually indicate a blunt or wrong needle, incorrect needle-fabric match, or poor threading.

Thread breakage causes: wrong needle size, tight tension, rough needle eye, or poor-quality thread.

Balanced lockstitch has needle and bobbin threads meeting inside the fabric layers.

Curtain lining is cut narrower and shorter than the face fabric to allow the face to hang correctly.

Piping and welting are used on cushions and upholstery to reinforce edges and add definition.

Cushion closures: envelope, zip, button, and tie; concealed zip gives a clean finish.

Tie-backs and valances are decorative window treatments that add formality and light control.

Digitising software converts vector artwork into stitch types: running, satin, fill, and motif.

Underlay stitches stabilise fabric before the top embroidery, preventing puckering.

Stitch density and pull compensation are adjusted per fabric type in digitising.

Thread colour sequence in the design file must match the machine's thread chart.

Fixed costs do not change with output (rent, salaries); variable costs change per unit (fabric, thread, labour).

Contribution per unit = selling price − variable cost per unit; it funds fixed costs and profit.

Fabric consumption in metres per garment depends on marker width, garment size, and style complexity.

Export pricing includes freight, insurance, duty drawback, and currency exchange risk.

Shears are kept sharp and used only on fabric; cutting paper dulls the blades.

Pins should be fine and rust-free; leaving pins in fabric can cause holes and rust marks.

Iron temperature must match fibre: lowest for acetate and acrylic, highest for cotton and linen.

Workshop layout should separate cutting, stitching, and finishing zones to control workflow and safety.

Size charts list body measurements, not garment measurements; garment specs add ease to body measurements.

Key grade increments for women's wear: bust 5 cm, waist 4 cm, hip 5 cm per size step.

Children's wear grading uses smaller increments and age-based size charts.

Measurement points must be defined precisely (e.g. bust at fullest point) for consistent spec sheets.

A portfolio shows research, sketches, technical flats, fabric selection, and final photographs in a coherent narrative.

Mood boards communicate colour, texture, and mood before design development begins.

Technical flats are drawn to scale with no figure and show all seams and topstitching.

Critique language should reference design elements and principles rather than personal taste.

Cotton spinning sequence: opening → carding → drawing → combing (optional) → roving → ring spinning.

Carded yarn is bulkier and cheaper; combed yarn is smoother, stronger, and finer.

Blending at the drawing stage ensures even distribution of fibres in the yarn.

Fancy yarns (slub, bouclé, chenille) are made by varying twist, feed, or fibre composition.

Pigment printing is simple and applies colour to the surface but has firmer hand and lower rub fastness.

Reactive printing bonds chemically with cellulose and gives excellent wash fastness.

Discharge printing removes ground colour and replaces it with a pattern colour.

Digital printing reduces setup cost for short runs and allows photographic detail.

Overlocking is the fastest edge neatening but adds bulk on fine fabrics.

Bias binding encloses raw edges and is used on unlined jackets and lightweight fabrics.

Pinking shears reduce ravelling on firmly woven fabrics but are not a permanent finish.

Hong Kong finish uses bias strips to enclose seam allowances in unlined garments.

Progressive bundle system moves bundles of cut pieces through sequential operations.

Modular or cellular production groups machines for a complete garment, reducing work-in-progress.

Unit production system uses overhead transporters to move individual pieces.

Line balancing assigns operations to workstations so cycle times match the takt time.

Warm colours (red, orange, yellow) create intimacy; cool colours (blue, green) enlarge and calm a space.

Texture in furnishings adds visual weight; smooth surfaces reflect light and look more formal.

Pattern scale should relate to room size: small rooms suit small repeats and light values.

Lighting direction changes perceived colour; test fabric samples under the room's actual lighting.

Care labels are mandatory in many markets; India follows IS 6154/ISO 3758 symbol conventions.

Fibre content percentages must be declared on the label for consumer protection.

Country of origin labelling is required for export shipments.

Warning labels for flammability apply to children's nightwear in many jurisdictions.

Spreading lays fabric in multiple plies; the number of plies is limited by fabric thickness and knife capacity.

Marker making minimises fabric waste by nesting pattern pieces efficiently.

Straight knife, round knife, band knife, and die cutter are the main cutting tools.

Cut pieces are bundled and numbered to keep shade and size together.

Smocking gathers fabric with stitches to create stretch and decorative texture.

Tucking and pleating add surface texture and are set with heat and pressure.

Quilting stitches layers together for warmth and decoration.

Fabric painting and batik use dyes and wax resists to create surface pattern.

Trend forecasting agencies publish colour, silhouette, and fabric directions 18–24 months ahead.

Trade fairs and fashion weeks are key sources for seasonal direction.

Runway trends are adapted to commercial markets through price-point-appropriate design.

Sustainability trends drive demand for organic fibres, natural dyes, and recycled materials.

Draping develops a pattern in three dimensions on a dress form using muslin and pins.

Draping requires accurate form measurements and marked reference lines (centre front, bust, waist).

Draped muslin is then trued and transferred to paper to create the flat pattern.

Draping is preferred for bias-cut, asymmetric, and couture designs.

Common woven defects: slubs, missing picks, broken ends, and uneven dyeing.

Common knit defects: needle lines, dropped stitches, and barré (horizontal streaks).

Fabric inspection uses the 4-point system to assign defect points per 100 square yards.

Defect maps help cutters avoid faulty areas when laying markers.

Thread should be slightly finer than the fabric's yarn for balanced seams.

Polyester-core cotton-wrapped thread gives strength with heat resistance.

Thread colour should match the darker tone when a perfect match is unavailable.

Monofilament thread is used for invisible hemming and quilting.

Dyeing is water-intensive; effluent treatment is legally required before discharge.

Reactive dyeing of cotton consumes large amounts of salt and alkali.

Right-first-time dyeing reduces rework, water, and energy use.

Biological effluent treatment removes organic load; colour removal needs additional treatment.

AQL (acceptable quality level) sampling inspects a lot against a defined defect limit.

Critical, major, and minor defect classification guides inspection decisions.

In-line inspection catches defects early; final inspection checks the finished lot.

Measurement checks compare garment specs against the approved size chart within tolerance.

Terry towels are graded by GSM: 400–600 GSM is standard; higher GSM is more absorbent and heavier.

Bed linen thread count counts warp and weft threads per square inch; higher counts feel softer.

Percale is a plain weave with a crisp hand; sateen uses a satin weave for a smooth, lustrous surface.

Duvet covers need an opening closure such as buttons, ties, or a zip.

If fabric costs 200 per metre and consumption is 1.5 m, fabric cost per garment = 300.

Add trims, labour, overhead, and profit to reach the selling price.

A 20% markup on cost is not equal to a 20% margin on selling price.

Currency fluctuation affects export margins; quote with a validity period.

Needle-through-finger injuries require stopping the machine and seeking first aid.

Chemical splashes in the eye require immediate flushing with clean water.

Burns from irons should be cooled under running water, not treated with ointments.

Accident reporting helps identify recurring hazards in the workshop.

Fabric must be hooped taut but not stretched to avoid distortion after stitching.

Tear-away stabiliser suits stable wovens; cut-away stabiliser suits knits and stretch fabrics.

Water-soluble topping prevents stitches sinking into pile fabrics like terry and fleece.

Adhesive-backed stabiliser is used for small or hard-to-hoop items.

Set-in sleeves are attached to an armhole; raglan sleeves join at the neckline with diagonal seams.

Sleeve cap ease must be distributed evenly to avoid puckers at the armhole.

Collars are attached to a neckline with an undercollar and facing; roll line placement affects the collar stand.

Cuffs are attached to sleeve openings and may use a placket or elastic finish.

Marker rendering builds tone in layers from light to dark.

Watercolour gives soft washes suited to flowing fabrics.

Colour pencils create fine hatching for texture and detail.

Digital illustration allows quick colourway changes and precise flat drawings.

Plain weave has the highest interlacing and therefore the strongest, most stable structure.

Twill weave produces a diagonal line and is more drapeable than plain weave of the same weight.

Satin weave has long floats, giving lustre but lower abrasion resistance.

Knit loops give stretch; the tighter the loop, the less extensible the fabric.

Seam grin occurs when stitches pull apart under load; it indicates too few SPI or weak thread.

Seam slippage happens in loosely woven fabrics when yarns pull apart at the seam line.

Seam allowance width affects strength; too narrow causes ravelling, too wide adds bulk.

Seam performance is tested by tensile testing and visual inspection after washing.

Sourcing decisions weigh cost, lead time, quality, capacity, and compliance.

Lead time covers sampling, fabric procurement, production, and shipping.

Trade agreements and duty rates affect the landed cost of garments.

Buyer-supplier relationships are managed through purchase orders, tech packs, and inspection reports.

Roman blinds fold up in horizontal pleats and use less fabric than full curtains.

Roller blinds suit minimal interiors and are operated by a chain or motor.

Sheer curtains diffuse light while heavier drapes provide privacy and insulation.

Pelmet or valance hides the heading and adds a formal finish.

Protein stains (blood, egg) are removed with cold water, never hot, which sets them.

Oil stains need absorbent powder and a solvent-based remover.

Bleach should be tested on a hidden seam allowance before use.

Overloading a washing machine reduces cleaning efficiency and increases creasing.

The CIE Lab* system expresses colour numerically for objective matching.

A spectrophotometer measures reflectance across wavelengths.

Dye lot variation is checked by comparing samples against a standard under controlled lighting.

Colour constancy ensures a shade looks consistent under different light sources.

Job cards record operations, times, and operators for each bundle.

Maintenance logs track machine servicing and repairs.

Safety checklists document fire extinguisher, first-aid, and electrical inspections.

Production reports compare actual output against targets.

Full bust adjustment adds width and length to the bodice front to accommodate a larger bust.

Broad back adjustment adds width across the back without changing the front.

Sway back adjustment removes excess at the centre back waist.

Alterations must be made on the pattern, not just the fabric, for a repeatable fit.

Vertical seams and princess lines create slimming effects and shape.

Horizontal details such as yokes and bands widen the appearance.

Texture contrast draws attention to a focal area.

Repeating a detail such as topstitching unifies a design.

Embroidery needles have a long eye and sharp point for multiple strands.

An embroidery hoop holds fabric taut; a frame is used for larger work.

Stranded cotton is divisible into six strands for varying thickness.

A laying tool helps keep satin stitches smooth and parallel.

Hydrophilic fibres absorb moisture and feel comfortable next to skin.

Hydrophobic fibres wick less but dry quickly and resist stains.

Thermal insulation depends on trapped air; wool's crimp traps air well.

Static electricity builds in dry conditions on synthetic fibres.

Zipper foot allows stitching close to the zip teeth.

Piping foot guides corded piping into the seam.

Ruffler and binder attachments create gathered or bound edges consistently.

Walking foot feeds multiple layers evenly, useful for quilting and slippery fabrics.

Categories: menswear, womenswear, childrenswear, innerwear, activewear, and uniforms.

Mass market, mid-market, premium, and luxury segments differ in fabric, construction, and price.

Activewear uses stretch knits and moisture-wicking finishes.

Uniform programmes require consistent sizing and durable fabrics.

Upholstery needs abrasion resistance, dimensional stability, and colour fastness to light.

Curtains need light fastness and drape; heavy fabrics give better insulation.

Loose covers need washable, pre-shrunk fabrics.

Fire-retardant treatments are essential for contract interiors.

Break-even point rises when fixed costs rise or contribution per unit falls.

Higher volume lowers fixed cost per unit, improving margin.

Price cuts require proportionally higher volume to maintain profit.

Cash flow differs from profit; timing of payments matters for small units.

Winch and jigger machines are used for open-width and rope-form batch dyeing.

Jet dyeing machines use high-temperature dyeing for polyester.

Beam dyeing suits fabrics that must not crease.

Continuous ranges handle large volumes with pad-dry-cure sequences.

Check bead and sequin security by pulling a sample; loose pieces fail inspection.

Ensure embellishment does not pucker or distort the base fabric.

Colour fastness of trims must match the garment.

Sharp edges on mirrors or beads must be avoided to prevent skin injury.

Daily: clean lint from the bobbin area and under the needle plate.

Weekly: oil moving parts per the manual and check belt tension.

Monthly: inspect wiring, plugs, and foot pedal for wear.

Annual: professional servicing and calibration of tension settings.

Drag lines point toward the area needing adjustment.

Horizontal wrinkles at the bust suggest insufficient bust ease.

Diagonal wrinkles at the hip suggest a hip or sway adjustment.

Pin-fit corrections are transferred to the pattern for correction.

Visual merchandising uses mannequins, lighting, and props to present garments.

Window displays follow a theme and colour story.

Fashion shows present collections to buyers and press.

Photography styling combines garment, accessories, and setting.

Sustainable practices include organic fibres, low-impact dyes, and reduced water use.

Circular design considers reuse, repair, and recycling at the design stage.

Extended producer responsibility places take-back obligations on brands.

Certifications such as GOTS and OEKO-TEX verify fibre and chemical safety claims.

Hand-knotted rugs are made by tying knots on a loom and are durable and expensive.

Hand-tufted rugs use a tufting gun and a latex backing.

Flat-weave rugs such as kilims are reversible and lightweight.

Rug size should leave a border of floor visible around furniture.

ISO and ASTM standards define test methods for strength, shrinkage, and fastness.

Shrinkage is measured as a percentage change after washing and drying.

Pilling resistance is tested by abrasion machines such as the Martindale tester.

Test results guide fabric approval before bulk production.

Overlock seams are standard for knit joining because they stretch with the fabric.

Coverstitch hems provide stretch and a professional finish on knits.

Flatlock seams lie flat and are used in activewear.

Binding on knits must be cut with stretch direction for comfort.

Linen wrinkles easily and is ironed while damp.

Viscose loses strength when wet and should be washed gently.

Acetate is heat-sensitive and needs low iron temperatures.

Nylon is strong and quick-drying but yellows with heat and sunlight.

Softening finishes improve drape and hand feel.

Calendering increases smoothness and lustre.

Raising creates a nap for warmth and softness.

Peach finishing gives a sueded, soft surface to microfibre fabrics.

Irons should rest on a heatproof stand, not the fabric or table.

Water should be added to the iron only when it is cool or per the manual.

Steam can cause burns; keep hands and face clear of the steam vents.

Switch off and unplug irons after use.

Markers are arranged to minimise waste and respect grain lines.

Nap fabrics require all pattern pieces to face one direction.

Plaids and stripes need matching at seams, increasing fabric consumption.

Selvedge and shade must be checked before spreading the lay.

A design theme gives coherence across a collection.

Inspiration can come from nature, architecture, culture, or art movements.

Colour story and fabric selection must support the theme.

A collection usually shares a common silhouette or detail language.

Cushions often use appliqué, embroidery, or quilting as focal decoration.

Table linen may feature hemstitching, lace inserts, or embroidered borders.

Curtain trims such as tassels and fringes add a decorative edge.

Embellished furnishings require careful care instructions to protect trims.

Key export documents: commercial invoice, packing list, bill of lading, and certificate of origin.

Letter of credit specifies payment terms and required documents.

Customs clearance requires HS classification of the product.

Inspection certificates may be required by the buyer or destination country.

Ne (cotton count) to tex: tex = 590.5 ÷ Ne.

Denier to tex: tex = denier ÷ 9.

Metric count (Nm) to tex: tex = 1000 ÷ Nm.

Higher direct count number means coarser yarn; higher indirect count means finer yarn.

Running stitch is a simple in-and-out stitch used for gathering and basting.

Backstitch is strong and resembles machine stitching.

Blanket stitch neatens edges and is decorative.

Slip stitch is nearly invisible and used for hems and attaching linings.

Table linen includes tablecloths, runners, placemats, and napkins.

Napkin size is commonly 40–45 cm square for everyday use.

Tablecloth drop is typically 20–30 cm for casual dining.

Kitchen textiles include aprons, oven mitts, and tea towels; heat resistance matters for mitts.

Consumption = (marker length × number of garments in marker) ÷ garments produced, plus wastage.

Marker efficiency = area of pattern pieces ÷ area of marker × 100.

Higher marker efficiency reduces fabric cost per garment.

Fabric width affects marker layout and consumption.

Babywear requires high fastness to saliva and perspiration.

Upholstery requires high fastness to light and rubbing.

Towels require high fastness to washing and chlorine bleach.

Denim requires rub fastness to avoid crocking onto other garments.

Cut-resistant gloves protect the guiding hand in cutting.

Thimbles protect fingers during hand sewing.

Safety glasses protect eyes when using machines with high-speed needles.

Aprons protect clothing from oil and dye stains.

Typical order: prepare components → join shoulders → attach collar → set sleeves → join side seams → attach cuffs → hem.

Pressing at each stage sets seams and improves the final finish.

Underpressing opens seams; top pressing finishes the garment.

Assembly order can be reversed for specific styles but must be documented.

Line directs the eye and can create illusions of height or width.

Shape and form define the silhouette.

Colour creates the first impression and sets mood.

Texture affects perceived weight and formality.

Trims should be dyed to match the garment shade under the same lighting.

Beads and sequins may not accept dye and must be matched by colour selection.

Zari and metallic threads may tarnish with washing.

Colour fastness of embroidery threads must match garment care requirements.

Pre-shrunk fabrics reduce dimensional change in finished garments.

Stabilised knits resist stretching during sewing.

Water-repellent finishes do not make fabric waterproof.

Anti-static finishes reduce cling in synthetic fabrics.

Press seam allowances open before crossing them with another seam.

Clip curves and notch corners for smooth turning.

Grading seam allowances reduces bulk in thick fabrics.

Understitching keeps facings from rolling to the outside.

Assortment planning decides the mix of styles, sizes, and colours for a season.

Open-to-buy is the budget available for new inventory.

Sell-through rate measures how quickly stock sells.

Markdowns clear slow stock and affect margins.

Cushion inserts are filled with polyester fibre, foam, or feather.

Piping adds structure to cushion edges and hides seams.

Upholstery seams need strong thread and reinforced stress points.

Removable covers allow cleaning and replacement.

Labels must not mislead about fibre content or origin.

Care instructions must be sufficient to maintain the product.

Allergen and chemical warnings apply to some finishes.

Retailers may require additional labelling for their market.

Formaldehyde-free finishes reduce indoor air pollution.

Low-water dyeing techniques reduce effluent volume.

Energy-efficient stenters reduce carbon footprint.

Recycling of dye baths is an emerging practice.

Cutting, stitching, and finishing areas should be separate to control dust and traffic.

Work-in-progress should be stored off the floor to prevent contamination.

Adequate aisle width supports safe movement of trolleys.

Good lighting and ventilation improve productivity and safety.

Patterns should be labelled with style number, size, and date.

Pattern pieces are stored flat or hung to prevent distortion.

Digital patterns are backed up and version-controlled.

Grain lines and notches must remain visible on stored patterns.

Head is the unit of measurement; fashion figures are 8–9 heads tall.

Shoulders are about one and a half head widths in fashion illustration.

Waist is approximately one head width in the fashion figure.

Elongating the legs emphasises garment drape.

Raw-edge appliqué leaves the edge exposed and may fray intentionally.

Turned-edge appliqué folds the edge under for a clean finish.

Fusible web holds appliqué shapes in place before stitching.

Blanket stitch or satin stitch secures the appliqué edge.

Wool is warm, elastic, and flame-resistant but felts with agitation.

Silk is strong, lustrous, and sensitive to sunlight and perspiration.

Cotton is breathable and washable but wrinkles and shrinks.

Polyester is durable and quick-drying but retains odour and builds static.

Sheer fabrics need French seams or bound seams to avoid visible raw edges.

Heavy fabrics need strong seams such as flat-felled or double-stitched seams.

Stretch fabrics need seams that stretch with the fabric.

Lined garments may leave seams unfinished inside the lining.

Design, merchandising, sourcing, production, quality, and logistics are core departments.

Sampling department develops prototypes and fit samples.

Cutting department handles spreading, marker making, and cutting.

Finishing department handles pressing, inspection, and packing.

Measure curtain track width and drop from the track to the desired length.

Allow 15–20 cm above and below the window for a generous look.

Fullness ratio of 2–2.5× gives gathered curtains.

Eyelet curtains need a pole and a heading allowance above the eyelet.

A washtub with a hand indicates hand wash only.

A washtub with a cross indicates do not wash.

A square with a circle indicates tumble drying; dots indicate heat level.

A crossed-out iron indicates do not iron.

Uneven dyeing can result from poor preparation or uneven liquor circulation.

Patchy shade may indicate uneven mercerisation or yarn variation.

Tailing occurs when dye exhausts unevenly along the fabric length.

Crease marks form when fabric is not opened during dyeing.

No loose clothing or jewellery near moving machine parts.

Tie back long hair when operating machines.

Keep aisles and exits clear of fabric rolls and boxes.

Report faulty machines immediately and tag them out of use.

Trims include buttons, zips, labels, interlining, and threads.

Trim cost is included in the cost sheet.

Trim quality must match garment quality and care requirements.

Trim testing ensures colour fastness and durability.

Flats are drawn in proportion with no figure and show all seams.

Callouts indicate stitching, trims, and measurements.

Front, back, and detail views are included.

Flats must be clear enough for a sampling team to follow.

Beads are attached with a backstitch or couching technique.

Sequins are sewn with a small stitch through the centre hole.

Beading frames keep fabric taut for even work.

Beaded garments require careful handling and dry cleaning.

Plain weave examples: poplin, cambric, muslin, voile.

Twill weave examples: denim, gabardine, drill, serge.

Satin weave examples: satin, sateen, duchess.

Pile weave examples: velvet, corduroy, terry.

Lightweight fabrics need finer needles and shorter stitch length.

Heavy fabrics need larger needles and longer stitch length.

Too short a stitch length weakens the seam and causes puckering.

Too long a stitch length reduces seam strength.

Home furnishing retail includes bed and bath, kitchen, and decorative accessories.

Product assortment is planned by room and season.

Visual merchandising uses room sets to show products in context.

Online sales rely on clear product images and size guides.

Curtains should be vacuumed regularly to remove dust.

Upholstery should be cleaned per the care code (W, S, WS, X).

W means water-based cleaner; S means solvent cleaner.

WS means either method; X means vacuum only.

Cost-plus pricing adds a fixed markup to cost.

Competitive pricing sets price relative to competitors.

Value-based pricing reflects perceived value to the customer.

Psychological pricing uses price points such as 999.

Hydrogen peroxide is the common oxygen bleach for cotton.

Sodium hypochlorite is a chlorine bleach used for cotton but not wool or silk.

Optical brighteners add a bluish tint that makes whites appear brighter.

Over-bleaching damages cellulose and reduces strength.

L-square measures right angles and short distances.

French curve shapes armholes and necklines.

Hip curve shapes hip and crotch curves.

Tracing wheel and carbon paper transfer pattern markings.

Grain line arrow shows direction of the fabric grain.

Notches mark matching points on seams.

Fold line indicates the fabric is folded, not cut.

Dart markings show stitching lines and fold lines.

Research, inspiration, design development, sampling, and production are the stages.

Mood boards and colour stories guide design development.

Toiles test fit and construction before final fabric is cut.

Tech packs communicate the final design to production.

Lace can be appliquéd onto fabric or used as an insert.

Ribbons can be woven, ruched, or stitched into decorative patterns.

Lace edging finishes necklines and hems.

Delicate trims need gentle washing or dry cleaning.

Single jersey is a plain knit with a face and back.

Rib knit has vertical ridges and stretches well.

Interlock is a double knit with two faces and good stability.

Purl knit has a textured surface and is used for sweaters.

Seam efficiency compares seam strength with fabric strength.

Tensile testing measures the force needed to break a seam.

Seam slippage testing measures yarn movement at the seam.

Test results guide seam type and stitch density selection.

Quality standards cover fabric, construction, measurements, and packing.

Inspection levels are defined by AQL tables.

Defect classification helps prioritise corrective action.

Buyer manuals specify inspection and packing requirements.

Balance can be symmetrical or asymmetrical.

Rhythm is created by repetition of colour, pattern, or texture.

Emphasis highlights a focal point such as a window or artwork.

Proportion relates furniture scale to room size.

Fabric cost, trim cost, labour, overhead, and profit are the main elements.

Overhead includes rent, electricity, and supervision.

Profit margin is added after total cost is calculated.

Cost sheets are updated as fabric and labour rates change.

Preparation, dyeing, washing, soaping, and drying are the main steps.

Soaping after reactive dyeing improves fastness and shade.

Drying must be controlled to avoid shade variation.

Quality checks follow dyeing before the fabric moves to finishing.

Include adhesive bandages, sterile gauze, antiseptic, and scissors.

Include burn gel or cool packs for iron burns.

Include eye wash for chemical splashes.

Check expiry dates regularly.

Grading rules differ by garment type and size range.

Grade points are placed at key measurement locations.

Grade increments are applied consistently across sizes.

Graded patterns are checked for seam matching.

Standing poses show the full garment silhouette.

Walking poses show movement and drape.

Seated poses are used for detail views.

Poses should not obscure key design features.

Designs can be transferred by tracing, pricking, or using transfer paper.

Water-soluble pens mark designs that wash out.

Digitised designs are transferred directly to machine.

Accurate transfer ensures symmetry and repeatability.

Drape is the way fabric hangs; it depends on weight and stiffness.

Stiff fabrics hold shape; limp fabrics drape closely.

Handle describes the feel of the fabric.

Drape testing uses a drape meter to measure drape coefficient.

Lockstitch forms a loop that interlocks with the bobbin thread.

Chain stitch uses a single thread looping through itself.

Overlock uses multiple threads to form an edge covering.

Coverstitch uses two needle threads and a looper thread.

Design, development, production, distribution, retail, and disposal are lifecycle stages.

Sustainability considers each stage's environmental impact.

Product take-back and recycling extend the lifecycle.

Consumer care affects the product's usable life.

Cushions, throws, and runners add colour and texture.

Slipcovers protect furniture and change its look.

Bed skirts hide the bed base and add formality.

Headboards can be upholstered for comfort and style.

Blends should be cared for according to the most delicate fibre.

Polyester-cotton blends are washable and quick-drying.

Wool blends may need dry cleaning or gentle hand wash.

Care labels for blends reflect the most restrictive requirement.

Misregistration causes colours to shift out of alignment.

Screening defects include streaks and uneven coverage.

Colour bleeding occurs when dyes migrate.

Poor drying can cause smudging and transfer.

Dust from fabric cutting should be controlled with ventilation.

Chemical fumes from adhesives need extraction.

Waste fabric should be segregated for recycling.

Noise levels from machines should be monitored.

Pattern paper, pencil, ruler, French curve, and hip curve are basic tools.

Pattern notcher marks notches on pattern edges.

Awl marks dart points and hole positions.

Tracing wheel transfers patterns to paper.

Markers give bold, flat colour with quick coverage.

Watercolour gives soft, transparent washes.

Gouache gives opaque, vivid colour.

Digital tools allow quick colourways and corrections.

Line stitches include running, stem, and chain.

Fill stitches include satin and long-and-short.

Knot stitches include French and bullion knots.

Cross stitch creates geometric patterns.

Lightweight fabrics suit blouses, linings, and scarves.

Medium-weight fabrics suit shirts, dresses, and trousers.

Heavyweight fabrics suit jackets, coats, and upholstery.

GSM guides fabric selection for end use.

Match thread size and needle size to fabric.

Reduce stitch density on fine fabrics.

Use a stabiliser on lightweight fabrics.

Adjust thread tension to balance the stitch.

Industry bodies support training, standards, and export promotion.

Trade fairs connect buyers and suppliers.

Certification bodies audit factories for compliance.

Government schemes support skill development and export incentives.

Neutral schemes use beige, grey, and white for calm spaces.

Accent colours are used in cushions and accessories.

Warm schemes create cosy interiors.

Cool schemes create airy, spacious interiors.

Washing at lower temperatures saves energy.

Full loads reduce water and energy use per garment.

Line drying reduces energy compared with tumble drying.

Repairing garments extends their life.

Moisture-wicking finishes improve comfort in activewear.

Anti-microbial finishes reduce odour.

Softening finishes improve handle.

Stain-release finishes make cleaning easier.

Keep floors clean and dry to prevent slips.

Store tools in designated places.

Dispose of fabric waste regularly.

Keep exits and fire equipment unobstructed.

Wearing ease allows movement and comfort.

Design ease creates the style silhouette.

Negative ease is used in stretch garments.

Ease amounts vary by garment type and fabric.

Layer colour from light to dark for depth.

Use highlights to show shine on satin and leather.

Use hatching to show texture on wool and tweed.

Leave white space for highlights and transparency.

Fabric paints are applied with brushes or stamps.

Batik uses wax resist before dyeing.

Tie-dye uses binding to resist dye.

Block printing uses carved wooden blocks.

Shrinkage varies by fibre, yarn, and construction.

Pre-shrinking reduces shrinkage in the finished garment.

Washing tests measure shrinkage percentage.

Knits may shrink more than wovens.

French seams enclose raw edges and are used on sheer fabrics.

Flat-felled seams are strong and decorative.

Bound seams enclose edges with bias tape.

Lapped seams are used on non-fraying fabrics.

Sourcing considers cost, quality, lead time, and capacity.

Vendor evaluation includes compliance and financial stability.

Dual sourcing reduces risk.

Long-term relationships improve quality and reliability.

Lining improves drape and protects the face fabric from sunlight.

Interlining adds body and insulation.

Blackout lining blocks light for bedrooms.

Thermal lining reduces heat loss.

Sort laundry by colour and fabric type.

Turn garments inside out to reduce abrasion.

Use mild detergent for delicate fabrics.

Dry garments in shade to prevent fading.

Blends may require two dye classes in one bath.

Union dyeing gives a solid shade across fibres.

Cross-dyeing produces different shades on different fibres.

Blend dyeing must consider fibre proportions.

Keep scissors closed when not in use.

Store pins in a pin cushion, not loose.

Use a thimble to protect fingers.

Keep blades sharp to avoid slips.

Lengthen or shorten patterns at designated lines.

Adjust width at side seams for a better fit.

Move darts to suit body shape.

Test alterations in a toile before cutting final fabric.

Place the figure centrally or use rule of thirds.

Leave space around the figure for balance.

Use a consistent light source for shading.

Group illustrations in a collection for coherence.

Stranded cotton is divisible and versatile.

Perle cotton is twisted and non-divisible.

Metallic threads add shine but are harder to work with.

Silk threads give a lustrous finish.

Burning test identifies fibre groups by flame, odour, and ash.

Solubility tests confirm fibre type.

Microscopic tests show fibre structure.

Chemical tests are used in laboratories.

Universal needles suit most woven fabrics.

Ballpoint needles suit knits.

Sharp needles suit denim and canvas.

Embroidery needles have a larger eye for decorative threads.

Production planning schedules cutting, sewing, and finishing.

Capacity planning matches orders to available machines and labour.

Line balancing assigns operations to workstations.

Delivery schedules are tracked against production progress.

Floral patterns suit traditional interiors.

Geometric patterns suit modern interiors.

Stripes add height or width depending on direction.

Small repeats suit small rooms.

Track material, labour, and overhead costs accurately.

Price to cover costs and generate profit.

Review costs regularly as prices change.

Keep records for tax and credit purposes.

Stenters control width and heat-set fabrics.

Calenders smooth and glaze fabric surfaces.

Sanforising machines control shrinkage.

Raising machines create a nap.

Check plugs and cables for damage.

Do not overload sockets.

Keep water away from electrical equipment.

Switch off machines before cleaning.

Knits need negative ease for a close fit.

Stretch percentage determines pattern size.

Seam allowances for knits may be smaller.

Overlock or coverstitch finishes are used.

Croquis templates speed up figure drawing.

Tracing paper allows corrections.

Markers and brushes create different effects.

Digital tablets allow quick edits.

Couture embellishment is often hand-worked.

Beading and embroidery are applied before assembly.

Delicate fabrics need backing for heavy embellishment.

Embellishment adds significant cost and time.

Tensile strength measures resistance to pulling.

Tear strength measures resistance to tearing.

Abrasion resistance measures wear.

Pilling tests measure surface fuzz.

Overlock, zigzag, or pinking neatens raw edges.

Bound seams enclose edges with tape.

French seams enclose raw edges within the seam.

Flat-felled seams enclose raw edges and add strength.

Brand positioning differentiates products.

Promotion includes advertising, social media, and events.

Pricing reflects brand positioning.

Customer feedback guides product improvement.

Martindale rub tests measure abrasion resistance.

Higher rub counts suit contract upholstery.

Light fastness protects against fading.

Stain resistance improves durability.

Labels indicate washing, bleaching, drying, ironing, and dry cleaning.

Symbols follow ISO 3758.

Labels must be durable and legible.

Labels help consumers care for products correctly.

Standard shade samples guide dyeing.

Dye lots are matched to the standard.

Shade variations are checked under standard lighting.

Consistent dyeing reduces rejects.

Adjust chair and table height for comfort.

Keep frequently used tools within reach.

Take breaks to reduce strain.

Use good lighting to reduce eye strain.

Childrenswear needs extra ease for movement.

Growth allowance is added to patterns.

Durable fabrics and strong seams are used.

Safety features such as no loose trims are important.

Realistic style shows garment details accurately.

Stylised style exaggerates proportions for effect.

Flat sketches show construction details.

Technical drawings are used in tech packs.

Remove stabiliser after stitching.

Press embroidery from the back to protect stitches.

Trim loose threads.

Check for puckering and distortion.

Calendering adds lustre.

Raising adds softness.

Embossing adds texture.

Schreiner finish adds a subtle sheen.

Plain seams are common for wovens.

French seams suit lightweight wovens.

Flat-felled seams suit denim and shirts.

Bound seams suit unlined jackets.

Design, merchandising, production, quality, and marketing are career paths.

Skills include technical knowledge, communication, and problem-solving.

Training and internships build experience.

Career progression depends on performance and expertise.

Sustainable materials are increasingly popular.

Neutral palettes remain timeless.

Bold patterns create focal points.

Multifunctional spaces influence furnishing choices.

Proper care extends garment life.

Follow care labels.

Store garments correctly.

Repair minor damage promptly.

Handle dyes and chemicals with gloves.

Ensure ventilation in dyeing areas.

Dispose of chemicals safely.

Follow safety data sheets.

Keep fire extinguishers accessible.

Store flammable materials safely.

Keep exits clear.

Train staff in fire procedures.

Menswear patterns use different proportions from womenswear.

Jackets need structured interfacing.

Trousers need crotch curve accuracy.

Fit is tested in a toile.

Collections share a common theme.

Illustrations show a range of styles.

Colour story ties the collection together.

Presentation boards communicate the concept.

Balance motifs within the design area.

Use repetition for rhythm.

Create emphasis with a focal motif.

Consider scale relative to the garment.

Weaving interlocks warp and weft yarns.

Knitting loops yarns together.

Non-woven bonds fibres directly.

Braiding intertwines yarns diagonally.

Straight stitch is used for seams.

Zigzag stitch is used for neatening and stretch.

Buttonhole stitch is used for buttonholes.

Decorative stitches add surface interest.

Inspection checks fabric, construction, and measurements.

Defects are classified and recorded.

Corrective action is taken before shipment.

Quality records support continuous improvement.

Follow care codes for upholstery.

Vacuum regularly to remove dust.

Clean spills promptly.

Professional cleaning may be required.

Include freight, insurance, and duty in export costing.

Currency exchange affects margins.

Payment terms affect cash flow.

Documentation costs are included.

Water-repellent finishes resist rain.

Flame-retardant finishes slow burning.

Anti-microbial finishes reduce odour.

Stain-release finishes ease cleaning.

Segregate fabric waste for recycling.

Dispose of chemical waste safely.

Reduce waste through efficient cutting.

Reuse offcuts where possible.

Stretch percentage determines pattern size.

Negative ease is used for close fit.

Seams must stretch with the fabric.

Test fit in the actual fabric.

Illustrations communicate design ideas.

They are used in lookbooks and promotions.

Consistent style builds brand identity.

Digital illustrations allow quick updates.

Cushions and table linen are often embroidered.

Motifs should suit the room's style.

Durable threads are used for washable items.

Care instructions protect embroidery.

Resin finishes improve crease recovery.

Compacting reduces shrinkage in knits.

Heat-setting stabilises synthetics.

Coating adds water resistance.

Overlock seams stretch with the fabric.

Coverstitch hems provide stretch.

Flatlock seams lie flat.

Binding must stretch.

Sustainability and transparency are growing trends.

Digitalisation improves design and production.

Fast fashion shortens product cycles.

Customisation and small batches are increasing.

Consider durability, colour, and texture.

Match fabric to end use.

Check care requirements.

Consider cost and availability.

Lower washing temperatures save energy.

Full loads reduce water use.

Line drying saves energy.

Repairing extends garment life.

Choose dye class based on fibre.

Follow dyeing parameters for fastness.

Test fastness after dyeing.

Record dyeing conditions for consistency.

Train staff in machine safety.

Train staff in fire procedures.

Train staff in first aid.

Review safety procedures regularly.

Tailoring uses structured interfacing.

Fit is tested in a toile.

Seams are pressed at each stage.

Hand finishing adds quality.

Sketches explore design variations.

Colourways are tested in illustration.

Details are refined in flats.

Feedback guides further development.

Hand embroidery adds luxury.

Beading is applied before assembly.

Delicate fabrics need backing.

Embellishment adds cost and time.

Softening finishes improve handle.

Moisture-wicking finishes improve comfort.

Anti-static finishes reduce cling.

Anti-microbial finishes reduce odour.

Flat-felled seams add strength.

Double-stitched seams add durability.

Heavy thread and needles are used.

Seams are pressed open.

Standards cover quality, safety, and labelling.

Certifications verify compliance.

Audits check factory conditions.

Compliance is required for export.

Natural fibres are popular.

Neutral colours are timeless.

Bold patterns create focal points.

Sustainable materials are growing.

Labels indicate care methods.

Symbols follow ISO 3758.

Labels must be durable.

Labels help consumers care for products.

Calendering adds lustre.

Raising adds softness.

Embossing adds texture.

Schreiner finish adds sheen.

Keep tools clean and sharp.

Store tools safely.

Replace worn tools.

Check machines regularly.

Dresses need bust, waist, and hip measurements.

Darts shape the bodice.

Seams are pressed open.

Fit is tested in a toile.

Portfolios show a range of skills.

Include research, sketches, and final illustrations.

Present work clearly.

Update portfolios regularly.

Bags and belts can be embroidered.

Durable threads are used.

Embellishment adds value.

Care instructions protect embroidery.

Water-repellent finishes resist rain.

Flame-retardant finishes slow burning.

Anti-microbial finishes reduce odour.

Stain-release finishes ease cleaning.

French seams enclose raw edges.

Bound seams enclose edges with tape.

Fine needles and threads are used.

Seams are pressed carefully.

Design, merchandising, production, quality, and marketing are career paths.

Skills include technical knowledge and communication.

Training and internships build experience.

Career progression depends on performance.

Follow care codes.

Vacuum regularly.

Clean spills promptly.

Professional cleaning may be required.

Track material, labour, and overhead costs.

Price to cover costs and generate profit.

Review costs regularly.

Keep records for tax and credit.

Standard shade samples guide dyeing.

Dye lots are matched to the standard.

Shade variations are checked.

Consistent dyeing reduces rejects.

Adjust chair and table height.

Keep tools within reach.

Take breaks to reduce strain.

Use good lighting.

Skirts need waist and hip measurements.

Darts shape the waist.

Seams are pressed open.

Fit is tested in a toile.

Illustrations communicate design ideas.

They are used in lookbooks and promotions.

Consistent style builds brand identity.

Digital illustrations allow quick updates.

Cushions and table linen are often embroidered.

Motifs should suit the room's style.

Durable threads are used for washable items.

Care instructions protect embroidery.