Karnataka SSLC Konkani - Third Language (KSEAB) key terms

Prose. The section of the textbook containing narrative and descriptive lessons in Konkani, tested for comprehension, theme, characterisation and knowledge of the author.

Poetry. The verse section of the textbook; questions ask for meaning of lines, central idea, poetic devices and the name of the poet.

The aesthetic emotion evoked by a poem, such as karuna (compassion), veera (heroism) or shringara (love). Candidates identify the dominant rasa from the situation described.

A figure of speech that ornaments poetry. Common types are upama (simile), rupaka (metaphor) and anuprasa (alliteration); the candidate names the device used in a given line.

Simile. Two unlike things are compared openly using words meaning 'like' or 'as'. The presence of a comparison word separates it from rupaka, where the comparison is implied.

Metaphor. An object is described directly as another without any word of comparison, so the identification is stated rather than suggested.

Junction of sounds. When a word ending and the next word beginning are joined, letters may combine or change; the candidate splits a joined word or joins two words correctly.

Splitting a sandhi word back into its component words, for example separating a compound-looking form into the original noun and suffix or into two independent words.

Compound. Two or more words are combined into a single word; questions ask the candidate to name the compound type or to expand the compound into separate words.

A compound in which the first member qualifies the second and the final member carries the main meaning, with the whole behaving as a noun of the last element.

A compound joining two or more words of equal status, usually linked by 'and', so that each member could stand alone as a separate item.

Grammatical case. Konkani marks relationships such as subject, object, instrument and possession by case endings or postpositions; the candidate identifies the case of a marked noun.

Nominative case, the form of a noun that is the subject of a sentence, usually unmarked or carrying the direct-case ending.

Accusative case, marking the direct object of a verb, often expressed by a special ending or by a postposition attached to the noun.

Verb. The word expressing action or state; questions test agreement with the subject in person and number, and correct tense formation.

Present tense, used for actions happening now or habitual actions. The candidate selects the correctly inflected present form for a given subject.

Past tense, expressing action already completed. Konkani past forms often change the verb stem, so candidates memorise common irregular past forms.

Sentence transformation. A sentence is changed in form, for example from affirmative to negative, direct to indirect speech, or active to passive, while the meaning is preserved.

Synonym. A word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another; the candidate chooses the closest equivalent from the options given.

Antonym. A word expressing the opposite meaning of another, such as a word for 'day' against a word for 'night'.

Idiom. A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words; the candidate explains the sense or uses it correctly in a sentence.

Proverb. A short traditional saying carrying practical wisdom; questions ask for its meaning or for the situation in which it fits.

Unseen passage. A prose extract not from the textbook, followed by questions on main idea, inference, vocabulary in context and the tone of the writer.

The central idea or main point of a passage. The candidate states it in one or two sentences, distinguishing it from supporting details.

Summary. A condensed restatement of a passage in the candidate's own words, keeping the essential points and omitting examples and repetition.

Letter writing. Formal letters follow a fixed layout of sender's address, date, salutation, body, closing and signature; informal letters address relatives or friends.

Essay. A structured piece of writing with an introduction, developed body paragraphs and a conclusion, on a topic such as environment, education or a social issue.

Dialogue. A written conversation between two or more speakers, with speaker names marked and turns kept natural and relevant to the given situation.

Supplementary reader. The non-detailed text studied for plot, characters and message rather than line-by-line language analysis; questions ask for short answers and character sketches.

Character. A person in a lesson or story; the candidate describes traits, motives and development, supporting each point with an incident from the text.

The underlying message or idea of a lesson, such as honesty, sacrifice or patriotism. It is stated as a full sentence rather than as a single topic word.

The author or poet of a textbook lesson. Questions ask the candidate to match a lesson title with its writer or to supply a brief note on the writer.

Speech quoted exactly as spoken, placed within quotation marks after a reporting clause; converting it to indirect speech changes pronouns, tense and time words.

Grammatical gender. Konkani nouns are masculine, feminine or neuter, and the gender controls the form of agreeing adjectives and verbs.

Grammatical number, singular or plural. The candidate chooses the correct plural form of a noun or makes the verb agree with a plural subject.

One-word answer. A question format requiring a single word or short phrase, commonly used for factual recall about lessons, authors and vocabulary items.