Karnataka SSLC Sanskrit - Third Language (KSEAB) flashcards

33 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

उपमा अलङ्कार

A simile: two unlike things compared using इव, यथा, वा, or सदृश. Example: मुखं चन्द्र इव - the face is like the moon. If no comparing word appears, it is not उपमा.

रूपक अलङ्कार

A metaphor where the subject is identified with the object, with no comparing word: 'the face is a moon'. The four types are named after which part (उपमेय, उपमान) is stated or implied.

अनुप्रास अलङ्कार

Alliteration: the same consonant repeats several times within a quarter-verse while the sense stays single. Example: चारु चन्दनचर्चितम्. It is a sound ornament, not a meaning ornament.

यमक अलङ्कार

The same word form repeats with a different meaning each time, e.g., कालः as 'time' then as 'death'. Repetition of sound alone is अनुप्रास; repetition with changed sense is यमक.

श्लेष अलङ्कार

A single word or sentence yields two different meanings at once, often by grammatical double duty rather than by repeated sound. Distinguish it from यमक, which repeats the same form.

अनुष्टुभ् metre

The standard epic metre: four quarters of eight syllables each, total thirty-two. Most verses of the रामायण and महाभारत are composed in it, so it is the default when reciting.

वसन्ततिलका metre

A classical metre of four quarters with fourteen syllables each. It is common in कालिदास and in descriptive verses, and its long final syllable pattern helps identify it while reciting.

शार्दूलविक्रीडित metre

A metre of nineteen syllables per quarter, famous for its long rolling line. It is frequently used for वीर and उत्साह verses, and its name means 'tiger's play'.

राम declension nominative

अ-ending masculine: रामः (sing.), रामौ (dual), रामाः (plur.). Vocative is हे राम, हे रामौ, हे रामाः. The dual is used only for exactly two persons or things.

राम declension genitive

Genitive 'of': रामस्य, रामयोः, रामाणाम्. The dual रामयोः serves both genitive and locative; context decides which translation fits.

लङ् past tense

Imperfect past: the root takes the augment अ- and secondary endings -त्, -ताम्, -अन्. Example: अपठत् 'he read'. The augment अ- at the start is the identifying mark.

लोट् imperative

The command mood: पठतु 'let him read', पठ 'read!', पठन्तु 'let them read'. Used for orders, blessings, and polite requests such as कृपया ददातु.

विधिलिङ् optative

The 'should/would' mood: पठेत् 'he should read'. It expresses duty, possibility, or polite request, and its ending -एत्/-ेयुः marks it clearly.

स्वरसन्धि rules

Vowel junction: अ/आ + अ/आ → आ; अ/आ + इ/ई → ए; अ/आ + उ/ऊ → ओ; अ/आ + ऋ → अर्. Example: सूर्य + उदयः → सूर्योदयः.

व्यञ्जनसन्धि examples

Consonant junction: उत् + नयति → उन्नयति; तत् + श्रुत्वा → तच्छ्रुत्वा; निः + आशा → निराशा. The final consonant assimilates to the following sound.

तत्पुरुष समास

A compound whose last member governs the sense; the case relation between members is dropped. Example: राजपुत्रः 'king's son' - the genitive relation is understood, not written.

बहुव्रीहि समास

A compound naming a third entity different from its members. Example: दशरथः 'he whose chariot is ten-horsed' = a person, not a chariot. It functions like an adjective.

द्वन्द्व समास

A compound joining members by 'and', usually in dual or plural. Example: मातापितरौ 'mother and father'. The members keep equal weight.

कर्मधारय समास

Adjective-plus-noun compound where both members refer to the same thing, as in नीलोत्पलम् 'blue lotus'. The first word qualifies the second without a case ending.

क्त्वा and तुमुन् forms

कृदन्त suffixes: पठ् + क्त्वा → पठित्वा 'having read'; पठ् + तुमुन् → पठितुम् 'to read'; पठ् + क्त → पठितः 'read/studied'. These are the most examined derivations.

स्त्रीप्रत्यय formation

Feminine suffixes टाप्/ङीप्/ङाप् form feminines: बाल → बाला, नर → नारी, राजन् → राज्ञी. The choice depends on the noun's stem ending, not on meaning.

उपसर्ग changes meaning

Prefixes alter a root's sense: हृ 'take' → आहरति 'brings', प्रहरति 'strikes', संहरति 'destroys'. Vocabulary questions often test the prefixed verb, not the bare root.

वनम् synonyms

Synonyms of वनम् 'forest': अरण्यम्, काननम्, विपिनम्, अटवी. Synonym questions usually give one familiar word and ask for a less common equivalent from the prescribed text.

सुखम् antonym

The antonym of सुखम् 'happiness' is दुःखम्. Other examined pairs: ज्ञानम्/अज्ञानम्, जयः/पराजयः, प्रकाशः/अन्धकारः, धनिकः/दरिद्रः.

Sanskrit to Kannada case mapping

प्रथमा → ಕರ್ತೃ (nominative), द्वितीया → ಕರ್ಮ (accusative), तृतीया → ಮೂಲಕ/ಇಂದ (instrumental), चतुर्थी → ಗೆ/ಆಗಿ (dative), षष्ठी → ಅ/ದ (genitive), सप्तमी → ನಲ್ಲಿ (locative).

Kannada verb to Sanskrit tense

Kannada present -ುತ್ತಾನೆ maps to लट् (-ति), past -ದನು to लङ् or लिट्, future -ುವನು to लृट् (-ष्यति). Identify Kannada tense first, then choose the लकार.

अपि and एव particles

अपि means 'also, even' (Kannada ಸಹ); एव means 'only, indeed' (Kannada ಮಾತ್ರ). They are particles, so they attach to the preceding word and are never translated as verbs.

Sanskrit letter format

Place and date (स्थानम्, दिनाङ्कः) at the top, salutation प्रिय मित्र or आदरणीय, body, then भवदीयः and the sender's name. Salutation and closing carry separate marks.

प्रार्थनापत्रम् closing

A formal request letter opens with सेवायाम् and the addressee's title, and closes with भवदीयः विद्यार्थी. The request verb stands in लोट् or विधिलिङ्.

Dialogue speech tags

Sanskrit dialogue marks each speaker with उवाच, अवदत्, पृष्टवान्, or उक्तवान्. Yes-no answers use आम् or न; follow-up questions keep the exchange moving.

पञ्चतन्त्र frame story

विष्णुशर्मा's पञ्चतन्त्र teaches नीति through animal fables, framed as a teacher instructing three princes. हितोपदेश by नारायण is its later companion text.

कालिदास works list

कालिदास wrote three plays - मालविकाग्निमित्रम्, विक्रमोर्वशीयम्, अभिज्ञानशाकुन्तलम् - plus मेघदूतम्, ऋतुसंहारम्, and रघुवंशम्. शाकुन्तलम् is the play with the lost ring.

पुरुषार्थ four goals

The four aims of life: धर्म (duty), अर्थ (wealth), काम (desire), मोक्ष (liberation). Cultural-knowledge questions ask for the set, its order, and the meaning of each term.