Karnataka SSLC Sanskrit - Third Language (KSEAB) study materials
Karnataka SSLC Sanskrit - Third Language (KSEAB) study resources

Karnataka SSLC Sanskrit - Third Language (KSEAB): Grammar (व्याकरण): Subanta, Tiṅanta, Sandhi, Samāsa

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Grammar (व्याकरण): Subanta, Tiṅanta, Sandhi, Samāsa

Grammar (व्याकरण) is the most predictable, highest-scoring domain: शब्दरूप (subanta), धातुरूप (tiṅanta), sandhi and samāsa, usually set as fill-in, matching, and split-or-join items.

Subanta

Eight cases across three numbers. Learn model words by pattern: अ-ending masculine राम, अ-ending neuter फल, आ-ending feminine लता, इ-ending मुनि, उ-ending गुरु, ऋ-ending कर्तृ, and the pronouns अस्मद् / युष्मद्. Case functions: प्रथमा कर्ता, द्वितीया कर्म, तृतीया करण, चतुर्थी सम्प्रदान, पञ्चमी अपादान, षष्ठी सम्बन्ध, सप्तमी अधिकरण, सम्बोधन address.

Tiṅanta

Know लट् (present), लृट् (future), लङ् (past), लोट् (imperative) and विधिलिङ् (optative), with परस्मैपद and आत्मनेपद endings kept separate. Build: root + विकरण + ending - पठ् + अ + ति = पठति.

Sandhi and samāsa

स्वर: अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः, आद्गुणः, वृद्धिः, यण्, अयादि. व्यञ्जन: श्चुत्व, ष्टुत्व. विसर्ग rules too. Samāsa types: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वन्द्व, बहुव्रीहि - decide by which member is प्रधान.

Worked example

सूर्योदयः = सूर्य + उदयः. अ and उ are simple vowels of different grade, so आद्गुणः gives ओ. Had the second vowel been आ, अ + आ would give दीर्घ आ by अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः. Naming the rule earns credit.

Traps

  • Splitting a compound when sandhi-viccheda is asked, or the reverse.
  • Mixing endings across genders (लता versus रामा).
  • Forgetting लङ् takes the augment अ- and गुण of the root: अपठत्.
  • Calling द्वन्द्व a तत्पुरुष without checking for च.