KTET Category 1 cheat sheet

Piaget's stages in order: sensorimotor (0-2, object permanence), preoperational (2-7, egocentrism, irreversibility), concrete operational (7-11, conservation, classification, seriation), formal operational (11+, abstract and hypothetical reasoning).

Vygotsky: learning is social before it is individual; ZPD is the gap between independent performance and assisted performance; scaffolding is temporary, faded support; inner speech follows egocentric speech.

Kohlberg's levels: preconventional (punishment avoidance, self-interest), conventional (good-boy/good-girl, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethical principles).

Erikson's first four crises: trust vs mistrust (0-1), autonomy vs shame and doubt (1-3), initiative vs guilt (3-6), industry vs inferiority (6-12).

Krashen's five hypotheses: acquisition-learning, natural order, monitor, input (i+1), affective filter.

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: remember, understand, apply, analyse, evaluate, create; lower-order skills precede higher-order in that sequence.

Inclusive education principle: adapt the curriculum and environment to the learner, not the learner to a fixed norm; individualized education plans record specific accommodations.

Continuous and comprehensive evaluation (CCE) assesses scholastic and co-scholastic areas through formative and summative tools rather than a single terminal test.

Gagne's nine events of instruction: gain attention, state objectives, recall prior knowledge, present content, guide learning, elicit performance, give feedback, assess, enhance retention and transfer.

Malayalam has 16 vowels (swaram), 36 consonants (vyanjanam) plus chillu and conjunct forms; the script is derived from Grantha and runs left to right.

Malayalam and Tamil are Dravidian languages; English is Germanic. Tamil is diglossic: formal written Tamil differs markedly from spoken regional varieties.

Kannada script derives from the Kadamba/old Kannada script and is alphasyllabic: each consonant carries an inherent vowel 'a' unless a vowel sign or virama modifies it.

Tamil has 12 vowels, 18 consonants and one ayutha ezhuthu; its alphabet is called uyir, mei and uyirmei letters.

Phoneme vs morpheme: a phoneme distinguishes meaning (pat/bat); a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit (un-happy-ness = three morphemes).

Language acquisition vs learning (Krashen): acquisition is subconscious and meaning-focused; learning is conscious rule study with explicit error correction.

Communicative Language Teaching prioritizes meaningful interaction and fluency over drill; the grammar-translation method prioritizes written translation and rule memorization.

Skimming gives the gist quickly; scanning locates specific detail; intensive reading builds close comprehension; extensive reading builds fluency and vocabulary.

Assessment tools for language: cloze tests measure contextual comprehension, dictation tests spelling and listening, and running records track oral reading accuracy.

English tense-aspect combinations: simple present (habit), present continuous (now), present perfect (past action with present relevance), past perfect (earlier past).

Reported speech backshift: present becomes past, past becomes past perfect, will becomes would; time words shift (now to then, today to that day).

Active to passive: move the object to subject position, use be plus past participle, and add 'by' plus agent only when relevant.

Conditionals: zero (if + present, present), first (if + present, will), second (if + past, would), third (if + past perfect, would have + past participle).

Articles: 'a/an' for first mention and countable singulars; 'the' for specific or already mentioned referents; zero article for generic plurals and most proper nouns.

Common error patterns to diagnose: subject-verb agreement, preposition choice, double comparatives, and omission of the third-person singular -s.

Direct vocabulary instruction uses context clues, word roots and affixes; incidental acquisition needs wide reading with repeated encounters.

Assessment: discrete-point items test form, integrative tasks (essay, summary, role play) test use; a valid writing rubric scores content, organization, grammar and mechanics separately.

Place value: each position is ten times the one to its right; in 4,507 the digit 5 stands for 500.

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum is divisible by 3; by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4; by 9 if digit sum is divisible by 9; by 11 if the alternating digit sum is divisible by 11.

LCM times HCF of two numbers equals the product of the two numbers; LCM of fractions = LCM of numerators / HCF of denominators.

Perimeter and area: rectangle area = l x b, perimeter = 2(l+b); triangle area = half base x height; circle area = pi r squared, circumference = 2 pi r.

Average = sum of values / number of values; to find a missing value, multiply the average by the count and subtract the known values.

Percentage change = (change / original) x 100; successive discounts of a% and b% give a single discount of a + b - (ab/100) percent.

Simple interest = P x R x T / 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T - P.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; unitary method finds the value of one unit before scaling.

Piaget's number concept milestones: one-to-one correspondence and conservation of number appear in the concrete operational stage, around age 6-7.

Food chain order: producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, decomposer; energy decreases at each trophic level (roughly 10 percent transfer).

Photosynthesis needs chlorophyll, sunlight, carbon dioxide and water, and releases oxygen; respiration is the reverse gas exchange.

States of matter: solid (fixed shape and volume), liquid (fixed volume, takes container shape), gas (fills container); evaporation and condensation are the change pairs.

Water cycle stages: evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, collection.

Human body systems: digestive (ingestion to absorption), respiratory (gas exchange in alveoli), circulatory (heart pumps blood), skeletal (support and protection).

Balanced diet components: carbohydrates and fats for energy, proteins for growth and repair, vitamins and minerals for regulation, water and roughage for digestion.

Renewable (solar, wind, hydro, biomass) versus non-renewable (coal, petroleum, natural gas) resources; burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide.

Community helpers and civic roles: panchayat, municipality, health worker, police, postal service; map symbols and directions (north, south, east, west) are EVS map skills.

EVS pedagogy: theme-based, activity-oriented and locally contextualized; observation, classification and questioning are core process skills.