KVS PGT cheat sheet

Bloom's revised taxonomy order: Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create - the top two levels define higher-order thinking objectives for senior secondary classes.

NCERT senior secondary Science stream: Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Mathematics, Computer Science and English are core; a PGT teaches one subject up to Class XII board level.

In Physics, dimensional analysis verifies equations but cannot derive dimensionless constants; the principle of homogeneity checks only dimensional consistency.

In Mathematics, the derivative of sin x is cos x and of cos x is −sin x; Rolle's theorem requires continuity on [a,b], differentiability on (a,b), and f(a)=f(b).

In Chemistry, Le Chatelier's principle: increasing pressure shifts equilibrium toward the side with fewer moles of gas; a catalyst changes rate, not equilibrium position.

In Biology, the central dogma is DNA → RNA → protein; transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation on ribosomes in the cytoplasm.

In History, the Indian National Congress was founded in 1885; the Non-Cooperation Movement began in 1920 and the Quit India Movement in 1942.

In Geography, the Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N) passes through eight Indian states, including Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Mizoram.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0–2), preoperational (2–7), concrete operational (7–11), formal operational (11+) - abstract reasoning emerges in the last stage.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between independent performance and performance with scaffolding from a more capable peer or teacher.

Kohlberg's moral development: preconventional (obedience, self-interest), conventional (social approval, law and order), postconventional (social contract, universal ethics).

Formative assessment is continuous and diagnostic; summative assessment is terminal and certifying - CCE in India combined both, with formative weight typically 40% in the older scheme.

Constructivist teaching uses prior knowledge, group work, and open questioning; behaviourist teaching uses stimulus–response, reinforcement and programmed instruction.

A norm-referenced test compares a student to peers; a criterion-referenced test compares performance to fixed learning outcomes.

Bloom's taxonomy verbs map to question stems: 'define/list' = Remember, 'compare/explain' = Understand, 'solve/use' = Apply, 'differentiate' = Analyse.

Inclusive education under the RPWD Act 2016 recognises 21 specified disabilities and mandates reasonable accommodation in schools.

Indian Constitution: Fundamental Rights are Articles 12–35; Article 14 guarantees equality before law and Article 21 protects life and personal liberty.

The President is elected by an electoral college under Article 54; the Vice-President is elected by members of both Houses of Parliament.

Reasoning rule - syllogism: a conclusion follows only if it is true in every possible Venn arrangement of the premises; otherwise it is 'either/or' or does not follow.

Number series rule: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes; e.g. 2, 6, 12, 20 follows n(n+1).

Coding-decoding: letter positions A=1 … Z=26; reverse alphabet uses A=26 … Z=1, so the sum of a letter and its reverse is always 27.

Direction sense: net displacement uses Pythagoras when movements are perpendicular; facing-direction changes follow 90° clockwise/anticlockwise turns.

Key Indian institutions: NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission in 2015; RBI was nationalised in 1949 and regulates monetary policy.

Current affairs anchors: India's G20 presidency was 2023 (New Delhi summit); Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole in August 2023.

Hindi sandhi types: स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि - e.g. विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय is स्वर संधि (दीर्घ).

Hindi samas: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव - राजपुत्र is तत्पुरुष and नीलकमल is कर्मधारय.

Hindi synonyms (पर्यायवाची): पृथ्वी - धरती, भूमि, वसुधा; सूर्य - रवि, भानु, दिनकर.

English tense rule: present perfect (has/have + past participle) links a past action to the present; past perfect marks the earlier of two past actions.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent follows 'by'; only transitive verbs passivise.

Figures of speech: simile uses like/as, metaphor states identity directly, personification gives human traits to non-human things, oxymoron joins opposites.

Direct to indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'now' → 'then', 'today' → 'that day', and the reporting verb changes to said/told.

Hindi मुहावरे: 'आँख का तारा' means अत्यंत प्रिय; 'नौ दो ग्यारह होना' means भाग जाना.