KVS TGT key terms

The blend of subject mastery and teaching strategy that lets a teacher anticipate learner errors, choose representations, and adapt explanations to a specific topic and age group.

Ongoing, low-stakes checking of learning during instruction, used to adjust teaching in real time rather than to grade or certify students at the end of a unit.

Evaluation conducted at the close of a term, unit, or course to judge overall achievement against learning outcomes, typically reported as grades or marks.

Temporary support such as prompts, models, or worked examples that helps a learner complete a task just beyond independent reach, then is gradually withdrawn as competence grows.

Vygotsky's term for the gap between what a learner can do alone and what they can do with guidance from a more capable peer or adult.

Specific, timely information about a learner's performance that identifies what was done well and what to change next, focusing on the work rather than the person.

A precise statement of what a learner should be able to demonstrate by the end of a lesson or course, usually written with an observable action verb.

A hierarchical classification of cognitive objectives, from remembering and understanding up through applying, analysing, evaluating, and creating, used to design questions of graded difficulty.

An approach in which schools adapt curriculum, materials, and assessment so that children with disabilities or diverse backgrounds learn alongside peers in mainstream classrooms.

A written, child-specific document listing present levels of performance, measurable goals, support services, and accommodations, reviewed periodically with parents and specialists.

Deliberately varying content, process, or product in a lesson so that learners at different readiness levels can work toward the same core objective.

A cycle in which a teacher identifies a classroom problem, plans an intervention, implements it, collects evidence, and reflects, then repeats with refined practice.

The habit of systematically reviewing one's own teaching decisions and their effects on learners, using journals, peer observation, or lesson recordings to improve future instruction.

A school assessment scheme that combines scholastic and co-scholastic areas and uses both formative and summative tools across the year rather than a single terminal examination.

The smallest contrastive unit of sound in a language; substituting one phoneme for another changes meaning, as in the initial sounds of 'pat' and 'bat'.

The smallest unit that carries grammatical or lexical meaning; 'unhappiness' contains three, namely the prefix 'un-', the root 'happy', and the suffix '-ness'.

Two words that differ in exactly one phonological element and have different meanings, such as 'ship' and 'sheep', used to test whether learners hear a contrast.

A suffix that marks grammatical features such as tense, number, or case without creating a new dictionary word, as '-ed' in 'walked' or '-s' in 'cats'.

Word formation by adding an affix that changes meaning or word class, producing a new lexeme, as when '-ness' turns the adjective 'kind' into the noun 'kindness'.

A verb form ending in '-ing' that functions as a noun within a sentence, as in 'Swimming is good exercise' or 'She enjoys reading'.

A verb form used as an adjective or in compound tenses, either present ('-ing', as in 'a crying baby') or past (as in 'a broken window').

The contrast between a clause where the subject performs the action ('The chef cooked the meal') and one where the object is foregrounded ('The meal was cooked by the chef').

The difference between quoting a speaker's exact words ('She said, "I am tired"') and reporting them with adjusted pronouns and tense ('She said she was tired').

A synonym is a word close in meaning to another, such as 'begin' and 'start'; an antonym expresses the opposite, such as 'begin' and 'end'.

A word that sounds the same as another but differs in spelling or meaning, such as 'their', 'there', and 'they're', a frequent source of spelling errors.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as 'to let the cat out of the bag' meaning to reveal a secret.

A verb combined with a particle or preposition that together carry a distinct meaning, as in 'give up' (surrender) or 'look after' (take care of).

दो स्वरों के मेल से होने वाला परिवर्तन, जैसे 'विद्या' + 'आलय' = 'विद्यालय'; इसमें स्वर का स्थान बदलता है या नया स्वर बनता है।

व्यंजन के बाद स्वर या व्यंजन आने पर होने वाला परिवर्तन, जैसे 'सत्' + 'जन' = 'सज्जन', जहाँ 'त्' का 'ज्' में परिवर्तन होता है।

संधि से बने शब्द को उसके मूल घटकों में अलग करके दिखाने की प्रक्रिया, जैसे 'सूर्योदय' का विच्छेद 'सूर्य' + 'उदय' है।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद; इसके भेद तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव हैं।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे 'अनु' + 'शासन'; प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है, जैसे 'लड़क' + 'पन' = 'लड़कपन'।

काव्य में स्थायी भाव के जागने से उत्पन्न आनंदात्मक अनुभूति; इसके नौ भेद हैं, जिनमें शृंगार, करुण, वीर और हास्य प्रमुख हैं।

काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व; शब्दालंकार में अनुप्रास और यमक आते हैं, अर्थालंकार में उपमा, रूपक और उत्प्रेक्षा।

Drawing a conclusion that must follow from given premises, moving from general rules to a specific case, as in syllogisms where true premises guarantee the conclusion.

A formal argument with two premises and a conclusion sharing terms, evaluated for validity using rules such as 'all', 'some', and 'no' statements.

Inferring a general rule or pattern from specific observations or examples, producing conclusions that are probable rather than certain.

A sequence of numbers generated by a rule such as constant difference, ratio, or alternating operations, where the candidate must supply the missing term.

A reasoning problem that presents family relationships in coded or narrative form and asks the solver to determine how two people are related.

A problem tracking movement through turns and distances on the cardinal directions, requiring the solver to find final position or net displacement.

A system of logic using operators AND, OR, and NOT on true or false values, forming the basis of computer circuits and search queries.

A finite, ordered set of unambiguous steps that transforms input into output and terminates, such as a sorting procedure or long-division routine.

A diagram of an algorithm using standard symbols: ovals for start and end, parallelograms for input and output, rectangles for processes, and diamonds for decisions.

The constitutional directive to secure a common set of civil laws governing marriage, divorce, inheritance, and adoption for all citizens regardless of religion.

Non-justiciable guidelines in Part IV of the Indian Constitution that direct the state toward social and economic welfare goals.

Eleven obligations listed in Article 51A, added by the 42nd Amendment, urging citizens to respect the Constitution, protect the environment, and develop scientific temper.