Maharashtra HSC Punjabi (MSBSHSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Mukhya vichar

The central idea or main thought of a prose lesson or poem. In answers, state it in one sentence, then support it with one incident or line from the text.

Pātra-chitran

Character sketch. Requires at least three traits, each backed by a specific incident from the lesson; unsupported adjectives earn no marks.

Shīrshak di sārthaktā

Justification of the title. Explain the title's literal meaning first, then show how it symbolises the lesson's theme or the protagonist's condition.

Lekhak da naam

Author identification. A direct one-mark item in prose and poetry; memorise each prescribed lesson and poem against its author's name before the exam.

Uddesh of a lesson

The purpose or moral aim the writer pursues, such as social reform or national unity. Distinguish it from the plot summary when writing answers.

Kendrī bhāv

The central emotion of a poem, such as longing, patriotism, or devotion. Answer separately from the message, because marks are split between emotion and message.

Upmā alaṅkār

Simile. Two unlike things are compared using words such as vāng or jiviṅ. Identify it by the explicit comparison marker in the line.

Rūpak alaṅkār

Metaphor. The comparison is implied with no marker word; one thing is described as if it were another. Contrast with upmā, which uses vāng or jiviṅ.

Anuprās alaṅkār

Alliteration. Repetition of the same initial consonant sound in nearby words. Quote the repeated sound when asked to identify it in a line.

Mānavīkaraṇ

Personification. A non-human thing, such as a river or the moon, is given human actions or feelings. Name the object and the human quality attributed to it.

Tatsam vs tadbhav

Tatsam words keep their original Sanskrit form; tadbhav words are the changed Punjabi forms derived from them. Classification questions expect the label plus the reasoning.

Chhand

Poetic metre. Determined by counting matras (syllable weight) per line in the prescribed pattern, not by the poem's tune or rhythm when read aloud.

Rapid Reading strategy

Read the passage twice: first for overall gist, then for detail. Questions generally follow passage order, so locate answers sequentially rather than scanning randomly.

Story moral answer

State the lesson in one sentence, then add one line of textual support. A bare moral with no reference to the episode loses the support mark.

Character-action matching

A Poorak Pustak item type pairing a character with an action or a story with its theme. Read all options before pairing to avoid a near-miss distractor.

Word limit in short answers

Supplementary Reader answers must stay within the stated limit. Lines written beyond the limit are not marked, so plan the sentence before writing.

Ling

Grammatical gender. Punjabi has two genders, masculine and feminine; adjectives and verbs must agree with the noun's gender in a sentence.

Kārak

Case relation, shown in Punjabi by postpositions such as ne, nūṅ, dā/dī/de, toṅ, vich, and te. The postposition form agrees with the following noun.

Shabd-bhed

Word classes: nāṅ (noun), sarvanāṅ (pronoun), visheshaṇ (adjective), kiriā (verb), kiriā-visheshaṇ (adverb), and sambandhak (postposition or conjunction). Classify by function in the sentence.

Vākya-shodhan

Sentence correction. Common errors are wrong gender agreement, a missing or wrong postposition, and a misplaced adverb; check these three first.

Muhāvarā answer format

An idiom's meaning must be given in a full sentence showing its figurative use. A one-word gloss does not demonstrate understanding and loses marks.

Samās

Compound word formation. Identify the joining type first, then split the compound; the correct split carries most of the marks, the label fewer.

Nibandh structure

Essay layout: bhumikā introduction, three to four body paragraphs each with a point and an example, and a conclusion ending on a forward-looking statement.

Aupchārik patar layout

Formal letter order: sender address, date, receiver designation, viṣay subject line, salutation, body, closing, signature. Omitting the subject line costs marks.

Ghar-likhat patar

Informal personal letter. It has no subject line and uses a personal salutation; applying the formal layout to it is treated as an error.

Riport writing

Report format: answer who, what, when, where, why, and how in the opening paragraph, add details next, and close with a remark. Use third person and past tense.

Sār-lekh (précis) rules

Reduce to about one-third of the original length, use your own words, keep the main argument and its sequence, add no opinions or quotations, and supply a title.

Paryāyavāchī

Synonym. The answer must be a single Punjabi word of the same part of speech as the given word; a phrase instead of a word is marked wrong.

Viparīt shabd

Antonym. Give exactly one word opposite in meaning, matching the part of speech of the prompt; high-frequency pairs are tested repeatedly.

Anek-shabdī

One-word substitution: replace a descriptive phrase with a single Punjabi word. The answer must be one word only, not an explanatory phrase.

Inference question

A comprehension item asking what the writer implies rather than states. The answer must be reworded and supported by a phrase from the passage.

Tippi and bindi

Nasalisation marks. Tippi follows short vowels; bindi follows long vowels and certain consonants. Choosing the wrong one is a common dictation error.