Maharashtra HSC Telugu (MSBSHSE) flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Gadyam

Telugu term for prose. In the MSBSHSE Telugu course it covers essays, short stories, and character sketches, and questions test theme, character, and textual detail rather than metre.

Theme statement rule

State the central idea in one sentence, then support it with one incident and one character action from the lesson. Theme must be inferred, not retold as plot summary.

Characterisation evidence

Character is revealed through narrator description, the character's own words, other characters' remarks, and actions. Any character answer needs at least two of these four signals quoted from the text.

Time markers in prose

Words such as మొదట, తరువాత, అప్పుడు, and చివరకు signal sequence. Scan for them before answering order-of-events questions instead of relying on memory.

Padyam

Telugu term for verse. The course includes classical padyams from works such as the Bhagavatam and Ramayanam plus modern free verse, so check whether metre applies before analysis.

Chandassu akṣara counting

Count syllables (akṣaras) in each pāda and identify the gana groups of three. A regular padyam has four pādas of equal akṣara count, which fixes the metre name.

Kandam metre

A classical Telugu metre with four pādas of eight akṣaras each, subject to rules on ya-gana and ra-gana placement. It is the metre most often asked in HSC poetry questions.

Prasa and yati

Prasa is the repetition of the same consonant as the second akṣara of each pāda. Yati is the fixed caesura. Breaking either rule is a metre fault called chandōbhangaṁ.

Upamā vs rūpaka

Upamā is simile and uses comparison words such as వలె, లాగా, or పోలిన. Rūpaka is metaphor, which identifies one thing with another without any comparison word.

Anuprāsa alaṅkāra

A sound-based figure in which the same consonant is repeated noticeably within a line or verse. It is a śabdālaṅkāra, distinguished from meaning-based figures such as upamā and rūpaka.

Rasa identification

Name the dominant emotion of a verse, such as śr̥ṅgāra, vīra, karuṇa, or hāsya, and quote the lines that create it. Appreciation answers combine rasa, alaṅkāra, and chandassu.

Non-detailed text answers

Answers on the supplementary reader should be shorter and more factual than prose answers, with correct names and incidents, organised as setting, problem, turning point, resolution, and moral.

Character comparison table

For comparison questions, build a point-by-point table covering behaviour, speech, action, and outcome. Two separate paragraphs without direct comparison usually lose marks.

Moral of a story

State the lesson in one sentence and connect it to the story's ending. Common themes are sacrifice, honesty, patriotism, and service, and the question often asks directly what the story teaches.

Sandhi definition

Sandhi is the sound change that occurs when two words join at their boundary. The sandhi type is named after the sounds involved, such as akāra or ikāra sandhi.

Yaḍāgama sandhi

A Telugu sandhi in which య్ or వ్ is inserted at the junction, as when ఇ or ఈ is followed by a dissimilar vowel. The inserted sound is called āgama.

Gasāgama sandhi

A Telugu sandhi that inserts గ్ or స్ at the word boundary, typically after ఋ, ౠ, ఌ, or ఎ-type vowels. Recognise it by the extra consonant absent from the original words.

Sandhi splitting method

Separate the compound at the junction, restore the original final vowel of the first word and the initial vowel of the second, then recombine to verify the split is correct.

Tatpuruṣa samāsa

A compound in which the second member is dominant and the first qualifies it, often carrying a case relation. Example: రాజభవనము, the king's palace.

Karmadhāraya samāsa

A compound in which both members refer to the same thing, usually adjective plus noun, so the first member describes the second. Example: నల్లకలువ, the black lily.

Bahuvrīhi samāsa

A compound whose meaning lies outside both members and denotes a third thing that possesses them. Example: పద్మాక్షి, one whose eyes are lotus-like, meaning a lotus-eyed woman.

Dvandva samāsa

A compound in which both members are equally dominant and are joined by 'and'. Example: తల్లిదండ్రులు, mother and father.

Dvigu samāsa

A compound whose first member is a numeral, so the whole denotes a collection or quantity. Example: త్రిలోకములు, the three worlds.

Formal letter layout

Include sender's address, date, receiver's designation and address, subject line, salutation, body, closing, and signature. Informal letters omit the subject line and use a personal salutation.

Précis length rule

Reduce the passage to about one-third of its original length, keep the central idea, use your own words, drop examples and repetition, and give a short title.

Report writing elements

Include a headline, place and date, what happened, who was involved, when and where, and a concluding line. Use past tense and third person throughout.

Essay paragraph rule

Write an introduction stating importance, two or three body paragraphs each carrying one example, and a conclusion with a suggestion. Keep one idea per paragraph.

Telugu verb-final order

Telugu sentences place the verb last, in subject–object–verb order. When translating into Telugu, move the verb to the end; when translating out, move it forward.

Idiom translation rule

Translate idioms by an equivalent idiom in the target language, never word for word. If no equivalent exists, give the plain sense in prose.

Register consistency

Formal letters and reports take formal vocabulary, while personal letters and dialogues take colloquial forms. Do not mix registers within a single answer.

Unseen passage strategy

Read the questions first, then read the passage once for gist and once for detail. Answers must be located in the passage, not recalled from studied lessons.

Inference question answer

Inference questions ask what the passage suggests, not what it states. Answer with 'the passage suggests that…' plus the supporting clue from the text.