Maharashtra HSC Hindi Applied (MSBSHSE) flashcards
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- Gadya: मूल भाव
- The central idea of a prose lesson. Answer in your own words in four to six lines, covering the opening situation, the development and the concluding message, without retelling the plot.
- चरित्र-चित्रण rule
- A character sketch needs at least three traits, and each trait must be supported by a specific incident or statement from the prescribed lesson. Unsupported adjectives earn no credit.
- शीर्षक की सार्थकता
- Justify a title by linking it to the main theme, giving one or two textual instances, and concluding that the title is apt. Do not merely restate the title.
- Prose genre labels
- Common labels for prescribed prose are निबंध, कहानी, संस्मरण, रेखाचित्र and आत्मकथा-अंश. Genre questions also ask about शैली, such as वर्णनात्मक or संवादात्मक.
- Padya: भावार्थ writing
- Paraphrase the stanza in simple Hindi over four to six lines and close with the poet's message. Avoid a word-for-word translation, which loses marks for expression.
- अनुप्रास अलंकार
- Recognised when the same consonant sound repeats in a cluster within a line, producing rhythm. Name the alankar and quote the exact repeated phrase as evidence.
- उपमा versus रूपक
- उपमा states a comparison using सा, जैसा or सम. रूपक merges the two things without a comparison word, so the object is described as being the other.
- मुक्त छंद
- Free verse with no fixed matra count, yati or end-rhyme scheme. When asked about its metre, state that it follows no set scheme and relies on natural speech rhythm.
- Rasa identification
- Name the dominant rasa - वीर, करुण, शृंगार, भक्ति or वात्सल्य - and then quote the line that produces it. Naming without textual evidence is incomplete.
- Apathit: own words rule
- Answers to unseen-passage questions must be framed in your own sentences. Copying a full sentence from the passage is generally not credited, even if factually correct.
- सारांश length rule
- Write the summary at about one-third of the passage length. Keep the main argument and supporting reasons; drop examples, repetition and ornamental description.
- Inference question cue
- Phrases such as इससे क्या सिद्ध होता है or लेखक का आशय signal an inference question. State the inference and cite the supporting phrase from the passage.
- Title from passage
- A suitable title is two to five words, noun-based, and covers the whole passage rather than the first paragraph. Avoid full sentences and question forms.
- स्वर संधि test
- When a vowel meets a vowel, the result is स्वर संधि. Subtypes are दीर्घ, गुण, वृद्धि, यण and अयादि, decided by the resulting vowel sound.
- कर्मधारय समास
- The first member qualifies the second, as adjective to noun, and the pair shares one gender and case. Test by inserting है or के समान between the members.
- द्विगु समास
- The first member is a numeral and the whole compound denotes a collection or group, such as त्रिभुज or चौमासा. The final member usually carries the sense of the counted thing.
- बहुव्रीहि समास
- Neither member is the main referent; the compound points to a third thing. Test by inserting का, की or के and checking whether a new entity emerges.
- कर्मवाच्य
- The object becomes the grammatical subject, the verb takes a neuter singular form, and the agent appears in the instrumental case or is dropped entirely.
- अपूर्ण भूत
- Past tense showing an action still continuing at a past reference point, formed with रहा था, रही थी or रहे थे attached to the root.
- संयुक्त वाक्य
- Two or more simple sentences joined by coordinating conjunctions such as और, परंतु, इसलिए or या. Each clause keeps an independent finite verb.
- तत्सम शब्द
- A word retained in modern Hindi with its original Sanskrit form and spelling largely unchanged, such as अग्नि, पुत्र, हस्त and वृक्ष.
- तद्भव शब्द
- A word derived from Sanskrit but changed in form in modern Hindi, such as आग from अग्नि, पूत from पुत्र, हाथ from हस्त.
- अनेकार्थी शब्द
- A word with several distinct meanings decided by context, for example कनक meaning gold or dhatura, and हार meaning garland or defeat.
- मुहावरा versus लोकोक्ति
- A muhavara is a figurative phrase used inside a sentence. A lokokti is a complete saying carrying a moral, used as a standalone sentence.
- Formal letter format
- Sender's address, date, receiver's designation and address, subject line, salutation, a two- to three-paragraph body, and a closing signature with name. Format carries marks.
- Notice format
- Institution name at the top, the heading सूचना, the date, a body of four to six lines covering what, where, when and who, then the writer's name and designation.
- Report format
- A headline, then place and date, then a factual third-person past-tense body, ending with the reporter's name. First-person pronouns and opinions are avoided.
- Essay structure
- A two- to three-sentence introduction, two or three body paragraphs each carrying one idea, and a conclusion offering a suggestion or a forward-looking statement.
- विज्ञापन layout
- A boxed or clearly separated layout with a catchy heading, product features as short phrases, and contact details. Full sentences are not required, but all details must appear.
- वाक्यशुद्धि checklist
- Check ऋ versus रि, श-ष-स placement, अनुस्वार versus अनुनासिक, half-consonant doubling and gender agreement. Correct the word and rewrite the whole sentence.
- एक शब्द में वाक्यांश
- Replace a descriptive phrase with one word: जिसकी तुलना न हो = अनुपम; जो कहा न जा सके = अकथनीय; जो सब जानता है = सर्वज्ञ.
- करण कारक
- The case of the instrument or means of an action, marked by से or के द्वारा, answering the question किससे or किसके द्वारा.