Maharashtra HSC Electronics Technology (Vocational) study plan

Draw and label the energy-band diagram, atomic structure and doping scheme for intrinsic, n-type and p-type silicon, then state the majority and minority carriers in each.

Derive the forward and reverse characteristics of a p-n junction diode from memory, marking cut-in voltage, knee, breakdown and leakage regions for Si and Ge.

Compute diode current and voltage in series, shunt and clipper circuits using the ideal, constant-drop and piecewise-linear models, working 15 numericals.

Sketch and explain the construction, symbol and four operating regions of a BJT and an enhancement-mode MOSFET, then label the terminal currents and their relation.

Explain the working of a zener diode as a voltage reference and calculate the series resistor and load range for 10 zener regulator problems.

Convert between binary, octal, decimal and hexadecimal, and perform 2's-complement subtraction on 20 mixed problems without a calculator.

Simplify 15 Boolean expressions using algebraic theorems and verify each result with a truth table.

State the truth table, Boolean expression and logic symbol for AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR, and show how each of the seven can be built from NAND gates alone.

Reduce 10 four-variable Boolean functions using Karnaugh maps, including don't-care conditions, and draw the resulting minimal two-level gate circuit.

Design and truth-table a half adder, full adder and 4-bit ripple carry adder, then wire a full adder on breadboard from XOR and NAND ICs and verify all 8 input combinations.

Compare combinational and sequential logic, and trace the output of SR, JK, D and T flip-flops for a 10-clock-pulse timing diagram, including race-around and its remedy.

Construct a 4-bit asynchronous counter and a 4-bit shift register using flip-flop ICs on breadboard and record the observed count/bit-shift sequence.

Explain multiplexers, demultiplexers, encoders, decoders and 7-segment driver ICs, and select the correct IC for 8 stated applications.

Describe the architecture, address/data pins and read/write cycle of SRAM, ROM, PROM, EPROM and EEPROM, and distinguish volatile from non-volatile memory in a comparison table.

Draw the CE, CB and CC amplifier circuits with proper biasing, then calculate operating point, voltage gain, current gain, input resistance and output resistance for 8 given parameter sets.

Explain the effect of negative feedback on gain, bandwidth, distortion and input/output impedance, and identify the four feedback topologies in given block diagrams.

Explain the Barkhausen criterion and calculate the frequency of oscillation for RC phase-shift, Wien bridge, Hartley and Colpitts oscillators given L, C, R values in 10 problems.

Compare the four oscillator circuits on frequency range, stability, tuning method and typical application, and state why a crystal oscillator is preferred for frequency stability.

Derive the expressions for ripple factor, rectification efficiency, PIV and output frequency for half-wave and full-wave centre-tap and bridge rectifiers.

Select the correct transformer, diode ratings and filter capacitor value for a specified 5 V, 500 mA supply, showing all design steps.

Compare capacitor-input, choke-input, LC and pi filters on ripple reduction and voltage regulation, and sketch the output waveform of each.

Explain the working of series and shunt regulator ICs (78xx and 79xx families) and compute the required heat-sink thermal resistance for a stated load current and temperature rise.

Read the resistor colour code and the capacitor/impedance marking code to decode 25 given components, including 4-band, 5-band and SMD three-digit codes.

Calculate series and parallel combinations of resistors and capacitors, and compute impedance, reactance and phase angle of series RL, RC and RLC networks in 12 problems.

Explain the construction and application of transformers, inductors, thermistors, LDRs, relays and piezo buzzers, and match 10 of them to their correct circuit function.

Explain the need for modulation and compare AM, FM and PM on bandwidth, noise immunity, sideband content and typical broadcast band.

Draw and label the block diagram of an AM transmitter and superheterodyne receiver, and state the function and typical frequency of the mixer, IF amplifier and detector.

Explain sampling, quantisation, PCM, ASK, FSK and PSK with one waveform sketch each, and convert a short bit stream to its ASK, FSK and PSK representations.

Describe the internal architecture of the 8051 microcontroller: registers, ports, timers, interrupts and memory organisation, and map the pin functions on a labelled diagram.

Write and hand-trace five short 8051 assembly programs covering data transfer, addition, delay loop and port output, stating the result in each affected register.

Explain how to measure voltage, current, resistance, capacitance and frequency using a digital multimeter, and state 8 precautions that prevent instrument and circuit damage.

Describe the controls of an analog oscilloscope and a digital storage oscilloscope, and explain how to measure amplitude, period, frequency, phase difference and rise time from a displayed waveform.

List the sequence of steps in single-sided PCB design and fabrication from schematic capture to drilling, and identify 6 common PCB defects with their causes.

Demonstrate good soldering practice: select the correct bit and temperature for through-hole and SMD work, describe the wetting action, and distinguish a cold joint, a bridge and a dry joint from a written description.