Maharashtra SSC Value Education Grade cheat sheet

Value is an enduring belief about desirable conduct or end-states; Rokeach separates terminal values (desired end-states such as freedom, equality) from instrumental values (modes of conduct such as honesty, helpfulness).

Moral reasoning judges an act by intention, principle and context, not by consequence alone; the same result can be right or wrong depending on motive and duty.

Kohlberg's three levels: pre-conventional (punishment avoidance, self-interest), conventional (social approval, law and order), post-conventional (social contract, universal ethical principles); each level contains two stages.

Gilligan's ethics of care argues that moral maturity includes responsiveness to relationships and context, not only abstract justice and rules.

Kant's universalisability test: before acting, ask whether you would accept the action as a rule for everyone; if the rule contradicts itself, the action is impermissible.

Gandhi's talisman decision rule: recall the face of the poorest and weakest person you have seen and ask whether the proposed step will help that person; if not, reconsider.

Intrinsic value belongs to something valuable in itself (life, dignity, truth); extrinsic or instrumental value belongs to something valuable as a means (money, tools, status).

Moral relativism holds that right and wrong depend on culture or personal opinion; moral universalism holds that some values, such as human dignity, apply to all persons; the Indian Constitution adopts universal human dignity.

When values conflict, rank them by likely harm and effect on human dignity, then choose the option that causes the least harm and respects persons as ends.

Maslow's hierarchy of five needs: physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, self-actualisation; lower-level needs generally dominate attention until they are reasonably met.

Erikson's psychosocial stage for adolescence is identity versus role confusion (roughly 12-18 years); identity forms through exploration of roles, values and commitments.

Goleman's five emotional intelligence components: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills.

Dweck's growth mindset treats ability as developable through effort, strategies and feedback; a fixed mindset treats ability as static and interprets failure as proof of low capacity.

SMART goal formula: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound; a goal without a measurable criterion and deadline cannot be reviewed objectively.

VIA character-strength classification: 24 strengths grouped under six virtues - wisdom and knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, transcendence.

Habit loop: cue, routine, reward; a habit is changed most effectively by keeping the cue and reward while substituting a better routine.

Self-esteem is overall evaluation of self-worth; self-efficacy is belief in one's capability to perform a specific task (Bandura); high self-esteem does not guarantee high task self-efficacy.

Process goals specify daily actions within one's control; outcome goals specify results that also depend on others and circumstances, so process goals better support steady improvement.

Empathy is understanding and sharing another person's perspective or feeling; sympathy is feeling sorrow or pity for another's situation, which may occur without understanding the perspective.

Active listening components: give full attention, paraphrase content, reflect feeling, ask open questions and avoid interrupting; paraphrasing checks understanding before responding.

Assertiveness formula: describe the specific behaviour, state its impact, then make a clear request; this differs from aggression (violates others' rights) and passivity (violates one's own rights).

Johari Window quadrants: open (known to self and others), blind (known to others only), hidden (known to self only), unknown (known to neither); feedback shrinks the blind area and self-disclosure shrinks the hidden area.

Thomas-Kilmann five conflict modes: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding, accommodating; collaborating suits issues that are important and require both parties' commitment.

Prejudice is a preconceived attitude; discrimination is behaviour that treats people unequally; a stereotype is an overgeneralised belief about a group.

Kant's respect principle: treat every person as an end in themselves, never merely as a means to your own purposes.

Bullying involves repeated intentional harm with a power imbalance; roles include bully, victim and bystander, and bystander support or intervention reduces harm.

Social values in the Indian constitutional vision include equality, justice, liberty, fraternity, tolerance and cooperation; fraternity means brotherhood and mutual respect across differences.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Preamble keywords: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic; its aims are justice, liberty, equality and fraternity, and it declares the source of authority as the people of India.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III, Articles 12-35; six categories are equality, freedom, against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies.

Article 32 is the right to constitutional remedies, allowing a person to move the Supreme Court for enforcement of Fundamental Rights; Ambedkar called it the heart and soul of the Constitution.

Fundamental Duties are in Article 51A; ten duties were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and an eleventh duty on education of children aged 6-14 was added by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

Universal adult franchise: every citizen aged 18 or above has the right to vote; the voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment in 1988.

Rule of law means all persons and institutions, including government, are subject to the law and equal before it; it prevents arbitrary exercise of power.

Indian secularism means the state has no religion of its own and treats all religions equally; Articles 25-28 protect freedom of religion.

National integration is unity in diversity, supported by a single Constitution, single citizenship, secularism, national symbols and respect for all languages and regions.

The Right to Information Act 2005 allows citizens to seek information from public authorities, promoting transparency and accountability in governance.

Sustainable development means meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs; the definition comes from the Brundtland Report, 1987.

Sustainable development rests on three pillars: economic development, social inclusion and environmental protection; a project that damages one pillar is not fully sustainable.

3Rs hierarchy: reduce, reuse, recycle; reducing consumption prevents waste and is preferred over recycling, which still requires energy and materials.

Renewable resources replenish naturally within a human timescale (solar, wind, hydel, biomass); non-renewable resources are finite (coal, petroleum, natural gas).

Carbon footprint is the total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly or indirectly by a person, product or organisation, measured in carbon dioxide equivalent.

Biodiversity is the variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels; biodiversity hotspots have high endemism and high habitat loss.

Major pollution types are air, water, soil and noise; noise intensity is measured in decibels (dB), and prolonged exposure above safe limits harms hearing.

The 17 Sustainable Development Goals were adopted by the United Nations in 2015 with a 2030 target; they integrate poverty reduction, health, education, equality and environment.

Composting converts biodegradable waste into manure and reduces methane generation in landfills; e-waste contains heavy metals and should go to authorised recyclers.

WHO health definition (1948): health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

BMI formula: body mass index = weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared; adult ranges are underweight below 18.5, normal 18.5-24.9, overweight 25-29.9 and obese 30 or above.

Communicable diseases spread through pathogens by air, water, food, vectors or contact; non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are not transmitted and are linked to lifestyle and genetics.

Hand hygiene rule: wash with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially before eating and after using the toilet; handwashing interrupts faecal-oral and contact transmission.

A balanced diet supplies carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water in required proportions; no single food group provides all nutrients.

WHO physical activity guidance for ages 5-17 is at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous activity daily; adolescents generally need 8-10 hours of sleep.

Vaccination introduces weakened or inactivated antigens so the body produces antibodies and memory cells, giving immunity without the full disease.

First aid for a sprain follows RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation; ice reduces swelling and pain in the first 24-48 hours.

Mental health is emotional, psychological and social well-being; stigma and fear of judgement are barriers that delay help-seeking.

Galtung's distinction: negative peace is the absence of direct violence or war; positive peace is the presence of social justice, cooperation and harmony that remove root causes of conflict.

Conflict resolution sequence: identify the issue, listen to both sides, separate the person from the problem, generate options, agree on a solution and review it later.

Negotiation means the parties decide themselves; mediation uses a neutral third party to facilitate but not decide; arbitration uses a third party who hears the case and makes a binding decision.

Rosenberg's nonviolent communication has four parts: observation without judgement, feeling, underlying need and a concrete request; blame language increases defensiveness.

Tolerance is respect for differences without necessarily agreeing with them; it is not indifference, and it does not require accepting harmful conduct.

Conflict rule: attack the problem, not the person; use 'I' statements that describe your experience rather than 'you' accusations that assign blame.

Ahimsa is non-violence in thought, word and deed; it is central to Jain ethics and Gandhi's satyagraha, and it opposes harmful actions rather than the person.

Integrative bargaining seeks win-win solutions by expanding options; distributive bargaining treats the conflict as a fixed pie to be divided.

The United Nations International Day of Peace is observed on 21 September each year.

WHO's ten life skills: self-awareness, empathy, critical thinking, creative thinking, decision making, problem solving, effective communication, interpersonal relationships, coping with stress and coping with emotions.

Decision-making steps: define the problem, gather information, list options, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate the outcome.

Risk assessment formula: risk = likelihood of harm multiplied by severity of harm; high likelihood with high severity requires avoiding or controlling the activity.

Refusal skills sequence: say no clearly, give a brief reason, suggest an alternative and leave if pressure continues; ambiguity is read as willingness.

Eisenhower matrix sorts tasks by urgency and importance; important-not-urgent tasks are scheduled so they do not become urgent crises.

Critical thinking rule: separate fact from opinion, check the source and evidence, and identify bias before accepting a claim.

SWOT analysis lists Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; strengths and weaknesses are internal, opportunities and threats are external.

Problem-focused coping changes or removes the stressor; emotion-focused coping manages feelings about the stressor; the better choice depends on how controllable the stressor is.

Responsible behaviour requires accepting consequences, following justified rules and considering the impact of one's actions on others before acting.