Maharashtra SSC Value Education Grade flashcards

32 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Terminal vs instrumental values

Rokeach distinction: terminal values are desired end-states such as freedom or equality; instrumental values are preferred modes of conduct such as honesty or helpfulness used to reach them.

Kohlberg post-conventional level

Moral reasoning based on social contract and universal ethical principles; right action is judged by justice and human dignity rather than by approval or punishment.

Gandhi's talisman

Decision rule asking whether an action helps the poorest and weakest person one has seen; if it does not, the action should be reconsidered.

Intrinsic value

Something valuable in itself, such as life, dignity or truth, rather than merely as a means to another end such as money or status.

Growth mindset

Dweck's belief that abilities can be developed through effort, strategies and feedback; failure is treated as information, not as fixed proof of low ability.

SMART goals

Goal-setting formula: specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and time-bound; it makes progress checkable and reduces vague intentions.

Goleman's EI components

Self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy and social skills; emotional intelligence affects handling of interpersonal situations and pressure.

Habit loop

Cue, routine, reward; habits are changed by keeping the cue and reward while substituting a better routine for the old one.

Empathy vs sympathy

Empathy is understanding and sharing another's perspective or feeling; sympathy is feeling sorrow or pity for another's situation without necessarily sharing the perspective.

Assertiveness formula

State the behaviour, its impact and a specific request; this respects both one's own rights and the other person's rights, unlike aggression or passivity.

Johari Window

Four areas of self-knowledge: open, blind, hidden and unknown; feedback reduces the blind area and self-disclosure reduces the hidden area.

Thomas-Kilmann conflict modes

Five conflict styles: competing, collaborating, compromising, avoiding and accommodating; the suitable mode depends on the importance of the goal and the relationship.

Article 51A Fundamental Duties

Lists citizens' Fundamental Duties; ten duties were added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 and an eleventh education duty by the 86th Amendment in 2002.

Universal adult franchise

Right of all adult citizens to vote; in India the age is 18, lowered from 21 by the 61st Constitutional Amendment in 1988.

Preamble keywords

Sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic, republic; the Preamble also states justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as aims and the people as source of authority.

Rule of law

Principle that all persons and institutions, including government, are subject to law and equal before it; it prevents arbitrary exercise of power.

Sustainable development

Development meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs; defined in the Brundtland Report 1987 and balancing economic, social and environmental pillars.

Carbon footprint

Total greenhouse gases emitted directly or indirectly by a person, product or organisation, measured in carbon dioxide equivalent.

3Rs hierarchy

Reduce, reuse, recycle; reducing consumption prevents waste and is preferred because recycling still requires energy and materials.

Biodiversity levels

Variety of life at genetic, species and ecosystem levels; higher diversity supports ecosystem resilience and human livelihoods.

WHO health definition

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity; defined by WHO in 1948.

BMI formula

Body mass index equals weight in kilograms divided by height in metres squared; the adult normal range is 18.5 to 24.9.

Communicable vs non-communicable

Communicable diseases spread between people through pathogens; non-communicable diseases such as diabetes and hypertension are not transmitted and are often linked to lifestyle and genetics.

RICE first aid

Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation for soft-tissue injuries such as sprains; it reduces swelling and pain during the first 24-48 hours.

Negative vs positive peace

Negative peace is absence of direct violence or war; positive peace is presence of social justice, cooperation and harmony that remove root causes of conflict.

Mediation vs arbitration

In mediation a neutral third party helps parties reach their own agreement; in arbitration the third party hears them and makes a binding decision.

Nonviolent communication

Rosenberg's four-part format: observation without judgement, feeling, underlying need and a concrete request; it reduces blame and defensiveness.

Ahimsa

Principle of non-violence in thought, word and deed; central to Jain ethics and Gandhi's satyagraha, it opposes harmful actions rather than the person.

WHO ten life skills

Self-awareness, empathy, critical thinking, creative thinking, decision making, problem solving, effective communication, interpersonal relationships, coping with stress and coping with emotions.

Decision-making steps

Define the problem, gather information, list options, weigh consequences, choose, act and evaluate the outcome; evaluation improves later decisions.

Eisenhower matrix

Time-management grid sorting tasks by urgency and importance; important-not-urgent tasks are scheduled so they do not become urgent crises.

Refusal skills

Behaviours to resist peer pressure: say no clearly, give a brief reason, suggest an alternative and leave if pressure continues.