Maharashtra SSC Bengali L2/L3 (MSBSHSE) key terms

Two adjacent sounds joining into one unit, as when a word-final vowel meets an initial vowel. Candidates identify the type (স্বরসন্ধি, ব্যঞ্জনসন্ধি, বিসর্গসন্ধি) and split the joined form back into its parts.

Sandhi between two vowels, such as অ + ই becoming এ. Recognising the vowel pair lets you name the rule and restore the original words in grammar exercises.

Sandhi where at least one element is a consonant, often involving a dropped vowel or doubled letter. Questions ask you to break the compound into its two source words and state the rule applied.

Compounding of two or more words into a single phrase-word, classified by meaning relation: দ্বন্দ্ব, কর্মধারয়, তৎপুরুষ, বহুব্রীহি, অব্যয়ীভাব, দ্বিগু. You name the class and expand the compound.

A compound joining words of equal rank, usually linked by 'and', as in মা-বাবা. The expanded form keeps both members as separate coordinate words joined by ও or এবং.

A compound whose meaning points to someone or something other than the literal members, as in দশানন meaning the ten-headed one. The whole word names a possessor of the described feature.

A compound where one member qualifies the other, as in নীলপদ্ম (blue lotus). The first word usually acts as adjective and the second as the noun it describes.

The grammatical role a noun or pronoun plays in relation to the verb: কর্তা, কর্ম, করণ, সম্প্রদান, অপাদান, অধিকরণ. Identifying the role decides which case ending or postposition is correct.

The doer of the verb's action, marked in Bengali by a bare noun or by endings like -এ, -রা, -েরা depending on person and verb form. Distinguishing it from object is central to case questions.

The person or thing directly receiving the action of a transitive verb, often marked by -কে or by word order. In Bengali the object typically precedes the verb.

A case ending attached to a noun or pronoun to show its relation to other words, such as -কে, -তে, -ের. Choosing the right বিভক্তি is tested in fill-in and transformation items.

The verb of a sentence, carrying tense, person and honour level. Bengali verbs change with the subject's person and with polite versus familiar address, so agreement must be checked carefully.

A finite verb that completes a clause and can end a sentence, carrying full person and tense marking. It contrasts with অসমাপিকা forms that need another verb to finish the meaning.

A non-finite verb form that does not end a sentence on its own, such as the -ে or -তে forms in compound verbs. It links actions within one sentence and depends on a later finite verb.

Grammatical tense: বর্তমান, অতীত and ভবিষ্যৎ, each with simple, continuous and perfect variants. Verb-ending changes signal the tense, so tense identification drives many transformation questions.

Grammatical person: প্রথম পুরুষ (speaker), দ্বিতীয় পুরুষ (addressee) and তৃতীয় পুরুষ (others). Bengali verb endings and pronouns shift with person, and respect forms add a further layer.

Polite pronouns such as আপনি, তিনি, তাঁরা used for elders and strangers, paired with matching verb endings. Mixing polite pronouns with familiar verb forms is a common error tested in correction items.

A word standing in place of a noun: personal, demonstrative, relative and interrogative types, such as সে, এই, যে, কে. Correct pronoun choice keeps reference clear across sentences.

A word that describes or limits a noun, giving quality, quantity, number or state, as in লাল ফুল or অনেক লোক. It normally precedes the noun it modifies in Bengali.

A word modifying a verb to show manner, time, place or degree, such as ধীরে or আজ. It answers how, when or where the action happens and often sits just before the verb.

A naming word for a person, place, thing or abstract idea, divided into proper, common, material and abstract types. Noun identification underpins case, number and gender questions.

Grammatical number, একবচন versus বহুবচন. Bengali marks plural with suffixes like -রা, -েরা, -গুলি, -গণ, and choosing the right suffix for the noun class is a standard exercise.

The set of inflected forms a noun or pronoun takes across cases and numbers, for example the forms of রাম or আমি. Knowing these patterns helps you supply correct endings in tables and sentences.

The root form of a verb before endings are added, such as কর or খা. Recognising the root explains spelling changes when tense and person endings attach.

Transitive verbs take an object (কারক), intransitive verbs do not (অকারক). This distinction decides whether a sentence needs an object and affects passive transformation.

Sentence types by purpose: নির্দেশাত্মক, প্রশ্নবোধক, অনুজ্ঞাসূচক and বিস্ময়সূচক. Transformation questions ask you to convert one type into another while keeping the meaning.

A sentence with one finite verb and a single clause, however many phrases it contains. Converting complex or compound sentences into simple ones is a recurring grammar task.

A sentence of two or more independent clauses joined by conjunctions such as এবং, কিন্তু, অথবা. Each clause could stand alone, which distinguishes it from a complex sentence.

A sentence with one main clause and at least one dependent clause, often introduced by যে, যদি, যখন. Spotting the main clause is the first step in splitting or joining such sentences.

An idiom whose meaning cannot be guessed from its individual words, such as চোখের মণি. Idiom items ask for the figurative sense, so memorising common ones with their meanings is essential.

A traditional saying expressing folk wisdom, often a full sentence with a fixed wording. Proverbs appear in matching and completion items, and their sense is cultural rather than literal.

Words with closely similar meaning, such as জল and পানি. Synonym questions test vocabulary breadth, and answers must fit the register and context of the given word.

A word expressing the opposite meaning of another, such as আলো and অন্ধকার. Antonym items require attention to part of speech so the pair matches in form.

Replacing a descriptive phrase with a single precise word, as a group of words meaning 'one who sees' becoming দর্শক. This tests vocabulary depth and knowledge of Bengali word formation.

A short connected passage on one theme, used for comprehension and as a composition model. Answers to passage questions must be drawn from the text and written in complete sentences.

The prose extract set for reading in the textbook, followed by questions on fact, inference and vocabulary. Careful line-by-line reading and locating evidence in the passage earn full marks.

The underlying sense or message of a passage or poem, beyond the literal words. Questions often ask you to state it briefly in your own language rather than quote the text.

A condensed statement of a passage's main points, written in your own words and much shorter than the original. It must keep the central idea and omit examples and repetition.

Describing a figure in a story or poem through actions, speech and the author's comments, then judging their qualities. Answers need textual evidence plus a short personal assessment.

A structured composition on a given topic with introduction, body paragraphs and conclusion. Marks depend on relevance, paragraphing, correct spelling and varied sentence structure.

Letter writing in the prescribed format, either personal (আত্মীয়ের কাছে) or formal (আবেদনপত্র). Layout, salutation, closing and tone are marked separately from content.

The rhythmic pattern of a poem, measured in Bengali by মাত্রা and syllable arrangement. Identifying the metre helps in recitation questions and in explaining lines' musical quality.

The unit of metrical length in Bengali verse, roughly the time taken to utter a short vowel with its consonant. Counting মাত্রা per line lets you name the metre of a poem.

A figure of speech that heightens poetic expression, such as উপমা, রূপক and অনুপ্রাস. Candidates identify the figure in a quoted line and justify the choice from the wording.

A comparison between two unlike things using words like মতো, ন্যায় or সম, as in face like the moon. The two things stay distinct, which separates it from রূপক.

A figure in which one thing is identified with another without a comparison word, so the image is asserted rather than likened. Telling it from উপমা is a frequent poetry question.

The central thought or emotion a poem conveys, stated briefly after reading the whole text. It differs from a line-by-line summary because it captures the poet's overall intent.

Basic facts about a poet's life, period and literary place, sometimes asked alongside a textbook poem. Answers should stay to well-attested details rather than legend or guesswork.

The Bengali script's ordered set of vowels (স্বরবর্ণ), consonants (ব্যঞ্জনবর্ণ) and conjunct forms. Spelling and transcription items depend on knowing letter shapes, order and sound values.

A combined consonant cluster written as one joined glyph, such as ক্ষ or স্ত. Correct reading and writing of these clusters is tested in spelling and dictation tasks.

Vowel signs attached to a consonant to change its vowel sound, such as া, ি, ু. Placing the wrong sign alters the word entirely, so spelling accuracy depends on them.