Meghalaya TET flashcards
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34 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.
- Object permanence
- The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen or heard. Piaget placed its achievement at the end of the sensorimotor stage, roughly by age two.
- Zone of Proximal Development
- Vygotsky's term for the range of tasks a learner can complete with guidance but not yet alone. Teaching is most effective when aimed at this zone with temporary scaffolding.
- Conservation (Piaget)
- The recognition that quantity, mass or volume stays the same despite changes in appearance or arrangement. It typically appears in the concrete operational stage, around ages seven to eleven.
- Egocentrism
- The preoperational child's difficulty in taking another person's viewpoint. It is shown in tasks where the child assumes others see or know exactly what the child sees or knows.
- Formative assessment
- Continuous, diagnostic assessment carried out during teaching to identify learning gaps and adjust instruction. It is low-stakes and feeds back into daily classroom decisions.
- Dyscalculia
- A specific learning disability affecting number sense, arithmetic facts and calculation. It is not explained by low intelligence or poor teaching and requires targeted structured numeracy support.
- Inclusive education
- An approach in which children with disabilities or learning difficulties learn in regular classrooms with adapted curriculum, materials and support, rather than being segregated into separate settings.
- Scaffolding
- Temporary structured support given by a teacher or peer that is gradually withdrawn as the learner gains competence, enabling independent performance within the Zone of Proximal Development.
- Phoneme
- The smallest unit of sound that can distinguish meaning in a language, as the sounds /p/ and /b/ distinguish pin from bin in English.
- Morpheme
- The smallest unit that carries meaning in a word. Free morphemes stand alone, as in 'book'; bound morphemes such as '-s' or 'un-' attach to other forms.
- Skimming and scanning
- Two reading sub-skills: skimming reads quickly for the general idea, while scanning searches rapidly for a specific fact such as a date or name.
- Communicative language teaching
- An approach that organises language learning around real communication and meaningful use, prioritising fluency and interaction over isolated grammar drills and translation.
- Language error versus mistake
- An error is a systematic deviation reflecting incomplete competence, while a mistake is a performance slip the learner can self-correct. Feedback should target errors, not casual mistakes.
- Alliteration
- A figure of speech in which nearby words begin with the same consonant sound, as in 'the silver sea shimmered', used for rhythm and emphasis in poetry and prose.
- Definite article 'the'
- The article used before a noun that is specific, already mentioned, or unique in context. It contrasts with 'a/an' for indefinite singular countable nouns.
- Present perfect tense
- A tense formed with have/has plus the past participle, linking a past action to the present, as in 'She has finished her homework'.
- Indirect speech
- Reported speech that shifts tense one step back, adjusts pronouns to the speaker, and changes time and place words, as in 'now' becoming 'then'.
- Passive voice
- A construction in which the object of an action becomes the subject, formed with a form of 'be' plus the past participle, often with an agent introduced by 'by'.
- Subject-verb agreement
- The rule that a verb agrees in number with its subject. Collective nouns such as 'team' take a singular verb when acting as one unit and a plural verb when members act separately.
- Semicolon
- A punctuation mark used between two closely related independent clauses, or to separate items in a list that already contain commas, showing a stronger pause than a comma.
- Divisibility by 3
- A number is divisible by 3 exactly when the sum of its digits is divisible by 3. For example, 4,581 has digit sum 18 and is therefore divisible by 3.
- Area of a triangle
- Half the product of the base and the perpendicular height, written A = ½ × base × height. The height must be measured perpendicular to the chosen base.
- Circumference of a circle
- The distance around a circle, given by C = 2πr or πd, where r is the radius, d the diameter and π is approximately 3.14 or 22/7.
- Volume of a cuboid
- The space occupied by a rectangular solid, calculated as length × breadth × height. Volume is expressed in cubic units such as cm³ or m³.
- Profit percentage
- Profit divided by cost price, multiplied by 100. Profit is selling price minus cost price, and the percentage is always calculated on the cost price, not the selling price.
- Average
- The sum of a set of observations divided by the number of observations. It is also called the arithmetic mean and lies between the smallest and largest values.
- Food chain
- A sequence showing energy transfer from producer to herbivore to carnivore. Energy decreases at each trophic level, so chains usually have only four or five links.
- Photosynthesis
- The process in green plants that uses sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen. It is the main entry of energy into ecosystems.
- Water cycle
- The continuous movement of water through evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation and collection. It replenishes freshwater and drives weather patterns including the monsoon.
- Renewable resources
- Natural resources replenished within a human lifetime, such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass energy. They contrast with finite fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum.
- Fundamental Rights
- Rights guaranteed in Part III of the Indian Constitution, including equality, freedom, protection against exploitation, religious freedom, cultural and educational rights, and constitutional remedies.
- Meghalaya statehood
- Meghalaya was carved out of Assam and became a state on 21 January 1972, with Shillong as its capital. Its main communities are the Khasi, Garo and Jaintia.
- Tropic of Cancer in India
- A latitude line at about 23.5° north that passes through eight Indian states, including Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Tripura and Mizoram.
- Indian Standard Time
- The uniform time for all India, based on the 82°30′E longitude passing near Mirzapur. It is 5 hours 30 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time.