Maharashtra Talathi cheat sheet

व्याकरणातील लिंग ३ प्रकारचे: पुल्लिंग (राजा, घोडा), स्त्रीलिंग (मुलगी, नदी), नपुंसकलिंग (घर, पुस्तक). नपुंसकलिंगी शब्दांना 'ते' सर्वनाम वापरतात.

वचन: एकवचन व अनेकवचन. स्त्रीलिंगी 'ई'कारान्त शब्द अनेकवचनी 'ी' होतात (मुलगी → मुली); पुल्लिंगी 'ा'कारान्त 'े' होतात (घोडा → घोडे).

विभक्ती ८ आहेत: प्रथमा, द्वितीया, तृतीया, चतुर्थी, पंचमी, षष्ठी, सप्तमी, संबोधन. प्रत्येक विभक्तीचे एकवचन-अनेकवचन असे दोन रूप असतात.

काळ ३ मुख्य: वर्तमानकाळ, भूतकाळ, भविष्यकाळ; प्रत्येकाचे साधा, चालू, पूर्ण अशा पोटविभागांनी एकूण सूक्ष्म काळ वाढतात. उदा. 'तो जातो' (साधा वर्तमान), 'तो जात आहे' (चालू वर्तमान).

समास ६ प्रकार: अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीही. 'राजपुत्र' = तत्पुरुष; 'नीलकमळ' = कर्मधारय; 'चौकोन' = द्विगु.

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (एकाच अक्षराची पुनरावृत्ती), उपमा ('सारखा/प्रमाणे' या शब्दांनी तुलना), रूपक (तुलना न करता अभेद), यमक (शब्दाची पुनरावृत्ती वेगळ्या अर्थाने), श्लेष (एकच शब्द अनेक अर्थ).

शब्दांचे प्रकार: विकारी (नाम, सर्वनाम, विशेषण, क्रियापद) व अविकारी (क्रियाविशेषण, उभयान्वयी अव्यय, शब्दयोगी अव्यय, केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय).

मराठी वर्णमाला: १२ स्वर, ३६ व्यंजन, २ द्विगुण व्यंजन (क्ष, ज्ञ) असे एकूण ५० वर्ण; स्वरांचे १२ + २ = १४ मात्रा रूपे मानली जातात.

शुद्धलेखन नियम: 'इ'कारान्त स्त्रीलिंगी शब्द 'ई' ने लिहू नये (उदा. 'सखी' नव्हे 'सखि'); क्रियापदाच्या अंती 'तो' (जातो) व 'तात' (जातात) यांचा वचनानुसार योग्य वापर.

Subject–verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; indefinite pronouns (each, everyone, neither) are singular; 'neither…nor' agrees with the nearer subject.

Tenses: Present perfect = has/have + past participle, used for past action with present relevance; Past perfect = had + past participle, used for the earlier of two past actions.

Active→Passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes be + past participle, agent introduced by 'by'. Example: 'He writes a letter' → 'A letter is written by him.'

Direct→Indirect speech: present tense shifts to past, 'today'→'that day', 'tomorrow'→'the next day', 'this'→'that'; questions become statements with 'if/whether' or question word.

Articles: 'a/an' for indefinite countable singulars (an before vowel sound: an hour, a university); 'the' for definite, unique, superlatives and rivers/ranges.

Prepositions of time: 'in' for months/years/long periods, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for exact times (at 5 p.m., on Monday, in June).

Common error pairs: 'advice' (noun)/'advise' (verb); 'affect' (verb)/'effect' (noun); 'its' (possessive)/'it's' (it is); 'fewer' for countables, 'less' for uncountables.

Idioms: 'a bolt from the blue' = sudden shock; 'to beat about the bush' = avoid the main point; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'to burn the midnight oil' = work late.

Synonyms/antonyms: 'abundant'≈plentiful, antonym 'scarce'; 'candid'≈frank, antonym 'evasive'; 'benevolent'≈kind, antonym 'malevolent'.

Average = sum of observations ÷ number of observations; if a value x replaces y in n items, new average changes by (x − y)/n.

Percentage: x% of N = (x/100)×N; successive changes of a% and b% give net change a + b + ab/100 (with sign).

Simple interest SI = P×R×T/100; Compound interest A = P(1 + R/100)^T; SI for 2 years equals CI minus P×R²/100².

Profit/loss: Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; if two articles sold at same price with +x% and −x%, net loss = x²/100 %.

Speed: Distance = Speed × Time; km/h → m/s multiply by 5/18; m/s → km/h multiply by 18/5.

Time and work: if A does a job in a days, one day's work = 1/a; combined rate = sum of individual rates; time = 1/(sum of rates).

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; mean proportional of a and b is √(ab); duplicate ratio of a:b is a²:b².

Number series and coding-decoding: check differences, squares/cubes, and alternating patterns; in letter coding, note A=1…Z=26 and reverse (A↔Z) positions.

Geometry: area of triangle = ½ × base × height; circle area = πr², circumference = 2πr; Pythagoras: hypotenuse² = sum of squares of other two sides.

Maharashtra was formed on 1 May 1960 by splitting Bombay State under the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960; 1 May is celebrated as Maharashtra Day.

Maharashtra has 36 districts and 6 revenue divisions: Konkan, Nashik, Pune, Aurangabad (Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar), Amravati, Nagpur.

State symbols: animal – Indian giant squirrel (shekru); bird – yellow-footed green pigeon (hariyal); flower – jarul; tree – mango.

Maharashtra's legislature is bicameral: Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) and Legislative Council (Vidhan Parishad); the state has 288 Assembly seats.

Longest river entirely within Maharashtra is the Godavari's tributary system; Godavari itself rises at Trimbakeshwar in Nashik district and is called 'Dakshin Ganga'.

National parks in Maharashtra include Tadoba, Pench, Gugamal, Navegaon and Sanjay Gandhi (Borivali); Melghat was among India's first tiger reserves (1973–74).

Constitutional facts: President is head of state, Prime Minister heads the government; Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); voting age is 18 (61st Amendment, 1988).

Current affairs anchors: keep track of the annual Union Budget, RBI repo rate decisions, Census and important appointments (Chief Election Commissioner, RBI Governor) for the exam year.

The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code, 1966 (MLRC) governs land revenue; the state is divided into divisions, districts, talukas and villages for revenue administration.

Hierarchy: Divisional Commissioner → Collector (District Magistrate) → Sub-Divisional Officer/Prant Officer → Tahsildar (taluka) → Talathi/Gram Sevak (village level).

Talathi is the village-level revenue officer who maintains the village land records (Gaon Nama / 7/12 extract, Form VII and XII) and collects land revenue.

7/12 extract (Saat-Bara Utara) records ownership (Form VII) and cultivation/crop details (Form XII); it is issued by the Talathi and certified by the Tahsildar.

Mutation (फेरफार) entries record changes in ownership or rights in village records; the Talathi processes the Ferfar entry and reports to the Tahsildar for certification.

Land revenue is assessed on agricultural land; non-payment can lead to recovery as arrears of land revenue under MLRC provisions, including attachment and auction of property.

The Maharashtra Land Revenue Code provides for survey and settlement operations, boundary marks, and record-of-rights maintenance at village level.

E-governance: 'Mahabhulekh' and 'Aaple Sarkar' portals provide online access to land records, mutation status and grievance redressal in Maharashtra.

Other village-level functionaries coordinate with the Talathi: Gram Panchayat (local self-government under the 73rd Amendment) and the Police Patil for law-and-order liaison.