MP Patwari cheat sheet

Madhya Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956; Bhopal became its capital, and it is called the 'Heart of India' for its central location.

MP state symbols: state animal = barasingha (swamp deer), state bird = dudhraj (Indian paradise flycatcher), state tree = banyan, state fish = mahseer.

Key MP tourist sites: Khajuraho temples (Chhatarpur), Sanchi Stupa, Bhimbetka rock shelters (Raisen), Kanha and Bandhavgarh national parks, Pachmarhi (hill station).

Major rivers: Narmada (lifeline of MP, west-flowing), Tapti, Chambal, Betwa, Sone; Narmada originates at Amarkantak.

MP borders five states: Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan.

Current affairs: track national schemes (e.g., PM-KISAN, Ayushman Bharat), recent awards, sports champions, and MP state schemes such as Ladli Behna Yojana.

Firsts in MP: first woman Chief Minister of India was Sucheta Kripalani (UP); for MP note Uma Bharti and later Shivraj Singh Chouhan's long tenure as CM.

वर्ण दो प्रकार के: स्वर (11) और व्यंजन (33); स्वर के भेद: ह्रस्व, दीर्घ, प्लुत।

संधि के तीन भेद: स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि, विसर्ग संधि; उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

समास के छह भेद: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव।

काल तीन: वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य; वाच्य तीन: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास (वर्ण आवृत्ति), उपमा (समानता), रूपक (अभेद), उत्प्रेक्षा (संभावना)।

पर्यायवाची, विलोम, अनेकार्थी और मुहावरों का अर्थ याद करें; मुहावरा वाक्य में ही प्रयुक्त होता है, लोकोक्ति स्वतंत्र वाक्य है।

रस नौ हैं; श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत।

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject takes singular verb; 'each, either, neither, everyone' are singular.

Tenses: present perfect = has/have + past participle, used for past action with present relevance.

Active to passive: object becomes subject + be + past participle + by + agent.

Articles: 'a' before consonant sounds, 'an' before vowel sounds, 'the' for specific/unique nouns.

Common confusables: affect (verb)/effect (noun), principal (head)/principle (rule), stationary (fixed)/stationery (papers).

Direct to indirect speech: change pronouns by reporting verb, shift tense back one step, adjust time words (now → then).

Idioms for exams: 'a piece of cake' = very easy; 'once in a blue moon' = very rarely; 'burn the midnight oil' = study late.

Average = sum of observations / number of observations; percentage change = (change/original) × 100.

Simple interest = P × R × T / 100; compound interest = P(1 + R/100)^T − P.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; loss% = (CP − SP)/CP × 100; discount is on marked price.

Time and work: if A does a job in x days, one day's work = 1/x; combined rate = 1/x + 1/y.

Area: rectangle = l×b; triangle = ½×b×h; circle = πr²; trapezium = ½(a+b)h.

Volume: cube = a³; cuboid = l×b×h; cylinder = πr²h; sphere = (4/3)πr³.

Algebra identities: (a+b)² = a²+2ab+b²; (a−b)² = a²−2ab+b²; a²−b² = (a+b)(a−b).

Pythagoras theorem: in a right triangle, hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular².

SI units: force = newton, work/energy = joule, power = watt, pressure = pascal, electric current = ampere.

Newton's laws: 1st = inertia, 2nd = F = ma, 3rd = every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Speed of light ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; sound cannot travel in vacuum and travels fastest in solids.

pH scale: below 7 acidic, 7 neutral, above 7 basic; litmus turns red in acid, blue in base.

Chemical symbols: Na = sodium, K = potassium, Fe = iron, Cu = copper, Au = gold, Ag = silver.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂, occurs in chloroplasts using chlorophyll.

Human body: largest organ = skin; largest gland = liver; heart has four chambers; normal blood pressure ≈ 120/80 mm Hg.

Indian National Congress founded 1885 (A.O. Hume); Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1919; Quit India Movement 1942; India independent 15 August 1947.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12–35); Fundamental Duties in Part IVA (Article 51A), added by the 42nd Amendment 1976.

The Preamble declares India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic; the Constitution came into force on 26 January 1950.

Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, including Madhya Pradesh (near Bhopal).

Monsoon: southwest monsoon (June–September) brings most rainfall; Mawsynram receives the highest rainfall.

Economics basics: GDP = total value of final goods and services; inflation = sustained rise in general price level.

Panchayati Raj: three tiers - Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti (block), Zila Parishad (district); 73rd Amendment 1992.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Hardware: input (keyboard, mouse, scanner), output (monitor, printer), storage (RAM volatile, ROM non-volatile).

MS Word shortcut: Ctrl+C copy, Ctrl+V paste, Ctrl+X cut, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+P print.

MS Excel: formulas begin with '='; SUM(A1:A5) adds a range; $ fixes a cell reference (absolute).

Internet: HTTP/HTTPS for web pages, IP address identifies a device, URL is a web address, search engine indexes pages.

E-governance in MP: MP e-District portal, Samagra ID, e-Seva/MPOnline kiosks, DigiLocker for digital documents.

Email fields: To (primary recipient), Cc (visible copy), Bcc (hidden copy); spam = unsolicited bulk mail.

Number series: check differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes pattern before assuming a rule.

Coding-decoding: alphabets A=1 to Z=26; reverse positions A=26 to Z=1; shift letters by the stated number.

Blood relations: draw a family tree; use + for male, − for female, and horizontal/vertical lines for relations.

Direction sense: fix north at the top; on turning right from north you face east, left from north you face west.

Odd one out: test for shared property (prime, square, all vowels, same category) and exclude the misfit.

Calendar: ordinary year shifts the day by 1, a leap year by 2; century years divisible by 400 are leap years.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; 'Some' statements cannot give 'All' conclusions.

MP districts number 55 (as per recent reorganisation); divisions include Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur, Gwalior and others.

Sanchi Stupa was built by Ashoka; Khajuraho temples were built by the Chandela dynasty and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Bhimbetka rock shelters show prehistoric paintings and are a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Raisen district.

MP's major dams: Indira Sagar (Narmada, Khandwa) and Sardar Sarovar downstream; Bargi dam on Narmada near Jabalpur.

National parks in MP include Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Satpura, Pench, Panna, Madhav and Dinosaur Fossils Park (Dhar).

Notable MP personalities: Chandra Shekhar Azad (freedom fighter), Dr. B.R. Ambedkar studied in Indore's Daly College; Tansen of Gwalior.

Current affairs tip: revise last 6–12 months of national and MP state news, awards, and sports before the exam.

वर्णमाला: 11 स्वर, 33 व्यंजन, 2 अयोगवाह (अं, अः) तथा 4 संयुक्त व्यंजन।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय: उपसर्ग शब्द के आरम्भ में जुड़ता है (प्र + हार = प्रहार); प्रत्यय अंत में (लड़क + पन = लड़कपन)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; वाक्य भेद: सरल, संयुक्त, मिश्र।

वर्तनी शुद्धि और वाक्य शुद्धि पर प्रश्न आते हैं; 'अनुस्वार' और 'अनुनासिक' का अंतर याद रखें।

संधि उदाहरण: सूर्य + उदय = सूर्योदय (गुण संधि); हिम + आलय = हिमालय (दीर्घ संधि)।

काव्य के रूप: गद्य (कहानी, निबंध, नाटक) और पद्य (कविता); छंद के भेद: मात्रिक और वर्णिक।

प्रसिद्ध हिंदी रचनाकार: कबीर, सूरदास, तुलसीदास, प्रेमचंद, हरिवंशराय बच्चन, महादेवी वर्मा।

Prepositions: 'in' for months/years, 'on' for days/dates, 'at' for exact times and places.

Degrees of comparison: positive, comparative (than), superlative (the + -est/most).

Synonyms/antonyms and one-word substitutions are common: 'philanthropist' = lover of mankind; 'omnipotent' = all-powerful.

Punctuation: apostrophe shows possession (Ram's book) or contraction (don't); comma separates clauses.

Reading comprehension: identify main idea, supporting details, tone and inference; answer from the passage, not outside knowledge.

Common error: 'He is senior to me' (not 'senior than me'); 'prefer A to B' (not 'than').

Sentence correction: check subject-verb agreement, tense consistency, pronoun reference and word order.

Ratio and proportion: if a:b = c:d then ad = bc; for partnerships, profit share ∝ capital × time.

Speed = distance/time; average speed for equal distances = 2xy/(x+y).

LCM × HCF = product of the two numbers.

Sum of angles in a triangle = 180°; in a quadrilateral = 360°; each interior angle of a regular n-gon = (n−2)×180°/n.

Perimeter of circle = 2πr; area of sector = (θ/360) × πr².

Square roots to remember: √2 ≈ 1.414, √3 ≈ 1.732, √5 ≈ 2.236; π ≈ 22/7.

Simple interest doubles principal when R×T = 100; for tripling, R×T = 200.

Quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0: roots = [−b ± √(b²−4ac)] / 2a.

Newton's law of gravitation: F = Gm₁m₂/r²; g on Earth ≈ 9.8 m/s².

Ohm's law: V = IR; power in a circuit P = VI = I²R.

Acids and bases: HCl (acid), NaOH (base); neutralisation gives salt and water.

Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity; non-metals like graphite also conduct electricity.

Cell: nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane; plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, animal cells do not.

Blood groups A, B, AB, O; O negative is the universal donor, AB positive the universal recipient.

Vitamins: A for vision, C for immunity (scurvy deficiency), D for bones (rickets), B for energy metabolism.

Ancient India: Indus Valley Civilisation (Harappa, Mohenjo-daro), Vedic period, Mauryan Empire (Chandragupta, Ashoka).

Medieval India: Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire (Babur 1526, Akbar's Din-i-Ilahi), Maratha rise under Shivaji.

Indian Constitution adopted 26 November 1949; Dr. B.R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

The President is the constitutional head; the Prime Minister heads the Council of Ministers; Parliament = Lok Sabha + Rajya Sabha + President.

Geography: Himalayas in the north, Indo-Gangetic plain, Deccan plateau; Tropic of Cancer passes through MP.

Indian economy: primary (agriculture), secondary (industry), tertiary (services) sectors; RBI controls monetary policy.

MP history: Chandela and Paramara dynasties, Rani Durgavati of Gondwana, and the 1857 revolt in Jabalpur.

Generations: 1st vacuum tubes, 2nd transistors, 3rd integrated circuits, 4th microprocessors, 5th AI.

Operating system manages hardware and software; Windows, Linux, macOS are examples.

MS PowerPoint: F5 starts the slideshow; Ctrl+M inserts a new slide.

MS Excel: COUNT counts numbers, COUNTA counts non-empty cells, IF(condition, value_if_true, value_if_false).

Networking: LAN (local), WAN (wide), IP address, DNS resolves domain names to IP addresses.

Cyber safety: strong passwords, avoid phishing links, use antivirus; phishing = fake messages to steal data.

Digital India and MP e-governance: Aadhaar-linked services, DigiLocker, MP Samagra portal for beneficiary records.

Series: arithmetic (+/−), geometric (×/÷), square/cube, and alternating series patterns.

Alphabet positions: A=1, E=5, J=10, O=15, T=20, Y=25; learn the reverse table for quick coding questions.

Clock: angle between hands = |30H − 5.5M|; hands coincide 11 times in 12 hours.

Blood relations: 'A is the son of B' and 'B is the daughter of C' → A is C's grandson.

Mirror image: left and right reverse; water image: top and bottom reverse.

Seating arrangement: fix a reference point, then place others clockwise/counterclockwise as stated.

Analogy: identify the relation (part-whole, cause-effect, synonym) and apply to the second pair.

MP's literacy rate is around 69.3% (2011 census); sex ratio about 931 females per 1000 males.

Gwalior is known for the fort and Tansen's tomb; Ujjain for Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga and Simhastha Kumbh.

Bhopal's Bharat Bhavan is a major multi-art complex; Indore is the largest city and commercial hub of MP.

MP has India's only active diamond mine at Panna and the Malajkhand copper mines in Balaghat.

The Tropic of Cancer passes near Bhopal; MP is landlocked with no coastline.

National awards: Bharat Ratna is India's highest civilian award; Param Vir Chakra is the highest wartime military decoration.

Recent national updates: Chandrayaan-3 landed near the lunar south pole in 2023; India hosted the G20 summit in 2023.

शब्द के भेद: तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज और विदेशी शब्द; 'अग्नि' तत्सम, 'आग' तद्भव है।

लिंग, वचन और कारक के अनुसार वाक्य में शब्द रूप बदलते हैं; कारक आठ हैं (कर्ता से संबोधन तक)।

क्रिया के भेद: सकर्मक और अकर्मक; सकर्मक क्रिया का फल कर्म पर पड़ता है।

विशेषण के भेद: गुणवाचक, संख्यावाचक, परिमाणवाचक, सार्वनामिक।

कहावत/लोकोक्ति का अर्थ पूरे वाक्य से निकलता है, जबकि मुहावरे का अर्थ शब्दों से भिन्न होता है।

पद्यांश और गद्यांश प्रश्नों में मुख्य भाव, संदेश और लेखक का उद्देश्य पहचानें।

शब्द-शक्ति तीन: अभिधा (सीधा अर्थ), लक्षणा (लाक्षणिक अर्थ), व्यंजना (सूचित अर्थ)।

Parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, interjection.

Clauses: independent (complete sentence) and dependent (needs a main clause); relative clause begins with who/which/that.

Voice: imperative sentences become 'Let + object + be + past participle' in passive.

Conditionals: if + present simple → will + verb (first conditional); if + past → would + verb (second conditional).

Vocabulary building: learn prefixes (un-, dis-, re-) and suffixes (-ness, -ment, -able) to decode unfamiliar words.

Common idioms: 'to let the cat out of the bag' = reveal a secret; 'to beat around the bush' = avoid the main point.

Comprehension strategy: read questions first, then scan the passage for keywords and context clues.

Percentage to fraction: 25% = 1/4, 20% = 1/5, 12.5% = 1/8, 33⅓% = 1/3.

Mixture and alligation: ratio = (mean − cheaper)/(dearer − mean).

Boats and streams: downstream speed = boat + stream, upstream = boat − stream.

Surface area: cube = 6a²; cuboid = 2(lb + bh + hl); cylinder = 2πr(r + h).

Area of an equilateral triangle = (√3/4)a²; diagonal of a square = a√2.

Simple interest and compound interest for 2 years: difference = P(R/100)².

Divisibility: by 3 if digit sum divisible by 3; by 9 if digit sum divisible by 9; by 11 if alternating sum divisible by 11.

HCF by Euclid's algorithm: repeatedly divide divisor by remainder until remainder is zero.

Light: reflection angle of incidence = angle of reflection; convex lens converges, concave diverges.

Heat transfer by conduction (solids), convection (liquids/gases), radiation (no medium needed).

Atomic structure: protons positive, neutrons neutral, electrons negative; atomic number = number of protons.

Periodic table: groups are vertical columns, periods are horizontal rows; noble gases are inert.

Human digestive system: mouth → oesophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine; bile from liver aids fat digestion.

Diseases: malaria (Plasmodium, mosquito), dengue (virus, Aedes mosquito), tuberculosis (bacteria, lungs).

Ecosystem: producers (plants), consumers (animals), decomposers (bacteria/fungi); food chain starts with producers.

Freedom movement: 1857 revolt, 1885 INC, 1905 partition of Bengal, 1919 Jallianwala Bagh, 1930 Dandi March, 1942 Quit India.

Constitution parts: Part III Fundamental Rights, Part IV Directive Principles (Article 36–51), Part IVA Fundamental Duties.

Parliament: Lok Sabha (directly elected, 543 seats) and Rajya Sabha (indirectly elected, 245 seats).

Geography terms: latitude, longitude, equator (0°), prime meridian (0°); IST = GMT + 5:30.

Indian rivers: Ganga (longest in India), Brahmaputra, Narmada and Tapti flow west; Godavari is the longest peninsular river.

Economics: demand rises as price falls (law of demand); GST is a unified indirect tax introduced in 2017.

MP administration: Governor is the state's constitutional head; Chief Minister heads the elected government.

Computer parts: CPU (control unit + ALU + memory), input/output devices, and storage.

File extensions: .docx Word, .xlsx Excel, .pptx PowerPoint, .pdf portable document, .jpg image.

MS Word: Ctrl+B bold, Ctrl+I italic, Ctrl+U underline, Ctrl+F find, Ctrl+A select all.

MS Excel: AVERAGE(range), MAX(range), MIN(range), and sorting/filtering help organise data.

Internet services: WWW, email, FTP (file transfer), VoIP; a modem converts signals for transmission.

E-governance benefits: transparency, faster services, reduced paperwork; MP e-District handles certificates and pensions.

Computer security: firewall blocks unauthorised access; malware includes viruses, worms and trojans.

Percentage and ratio reasoning: if A is 25% more than B, then B is 20% less than A.

Coding: in a letter-shift code, decode by reversing the shift; check the first and last letters to confirm the rule.

Direction: after moving north then turning right, you face east; two right turns from north face south.

Blood relation: 'maternal uncle' = mother's brother; 'paternal aunt' = father's sister.

Series completion: check difference of differences (second difference) for quadratic-type series.

Ranking: if a person is nth from the left and mth from the right, total = n + m − 1.

Statement-conclusion: a conclusion must follow from the statement alone, not from general knowledge.

MP's state flower is the white lily; the state emblem features the banyan tree and the Narmada.

Important MP cities: Bhopal (capital), Indore (largest city), Gwalior (fort city), Jabalpur (Marble Rocks), Ujjain (religious centre).

MP is a leading producer of soybean, wheat and gram; it also has significant coal reserves in Singrauli.

National symbols: national bird = peacock, national animal = tiger, national flower = lotus, national fruit = mango.

India's space missions: Chandrayaan-3 (2023) landed near the lunar south pole; Aditya-L1 studies the Sun.

Awards: Nobel Prize, Bharat Ratna, Padma awards, Dronacharya and Arjuna awards for sports.

MP-specific schemes: Ladli Behna Yojana (women's financial assistance) and Mukhyamantri Kisan Kalyan Yojana.

वाक्यांश के लिए एक शब्द: 'जिसकी कोई तुलना न हो' = अनुपम; 'जो कहा न जा सके' = अकथनीय।

पुनरुक्ति दोष से बचें; शुद्ध वाक्य में कर्ता, क्रिया और कर्म का सही क्रम होता है।

विलोम शब्द: उत्थान–पतन, अभाव–प्रभाव, आदि–अंत, उचित–अनुचित।

पर्यायवाची: पृथ्वी – धरती, भूमि, वसुधा; जल – पानी, नीर, अंबु।

अनेक शब्दों के लिए एक शब्द और अनेकार्थी शब्द परीक्षा में बार-बार पूछे जाते हैं।

काल पहचान: 'रहा है' = अपूर्ण वर्तमान, 'चुका है' = पूर्ण वर्तमान, 'था' = सामान्य भूत।

निबंध और पत्र लेखन में औपचारिक भाषा, विषय-वस्तु और अनुच्छेद विभाजन का ध्यान रखें।

Word formation: noun to adjective (beauty → beautiful), verb to noun (decide → decision).

Homophones: their/there/they're, your/you're, its/it's - choose by grammatical role.

Modals: can (ability), may (permission), must (obligation), should (advice).

Question tags: positive statement takes negative tag ('She is here, isn't she?').

Error spotting: watch for double negatives, misplaced modifiers and wrong prepositions.

Vocabulary: 'benevolent' = kind, 'hostile' = unfriendly, 'meticulous' = very careful.

Paragraph coherence: topic sentence first, supporting sentences next, concluding sentence last.

Partnership: divide profit in the ratio of capital × time invested by each partner.

Pipes and cisterns: filling pipe rate is positive, emptying pipe rate is negative; add rates.

Simple interest for 2 years vs compound interest difference formula: P(R/100)².

Mensuration: area of a rhombus = ½ × d₁ × d₂; area of a parallelogram = base × height.

Circle: circumference = 2πr; arc length = (θ/360) × 2πr.

Algebra: x + 1/x = k implies x² + 1/x² = k² − 2.

Geometry: angle in a semicircle is 90°; opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral sum to 180°.

Time and distance: if speed ratio is a:b, time ratio for the same distance is b:a.

Motion: velocity = displacement/time; acceleration = change in velocity/time.

Work = force × displacement; energy is the capacity to do work; power = work/time.

Sound: frequency determines pitch, amplitude determines loudness; audible range 20 Hz–20 kHz.

Chemistry: valency of hydrogen = 1, oxygen = 2; water formula H₂O.

Biology: mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell; ribosomes synthesise proteins.

Human body: kidneys filter blood and form urine; lungs exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Reproduction: pollination transfers pollen; fertilisation joins male and female gametes.

Mauryan administration: Chandragupta Maurya founded the empire, Chanakya wrote Arthashastra, Ashoka spread Buddhism.

Mughal emperors: Babur (1526), Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, Aurangzeb.

Indian geography: Thar Desert in Rajasthan, Western Ghats along the west coast, Sundarbans delta in the east.

Civics: fundamental rights include equality, freedom, against exploitation, religion, culture and education, and constitutional remedies.

Economics: primary sector includes farming, mining; secondary includes manufacturing; tertiary includes services like banking.

MP: formed in 1956 from the former Central Provinces and Berar, Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal.

Important dates: 26 January 1950 (Republic Day), 15 August 1947 (Independence), 2 October (Gandhi Jayanti).

Shortcut keys: Ctrl+N new file, Ctrl+O open, Ctrl+S save, Ctrl+Z undo, Ctrl+Y redo.

MS Word: header/footer, page layout, mail merge for bulk letters.

MS Excel: cell reference types - relative (A1), absolute ($A$1), mixed ($A1 or A$1).

Internet: browser (Chrome, Firefox, Edge) displays web pages; HTTP is the protocol used.

Search operators: use quotes for exact phrase; site: restricts search to a domain.

E-governance: G2C (government to citizen), G2B (business), G2G (government) service models.

Data storage: primary memory (RAM, ROM) is fast; secondary storage (HDD, SSD, pen drive) is permanent.

Number analogy: 4:16 :: 5:25 (square relation); 3:9 :: 7:49.

Letter series: skip patterns like +2, +3, +4; write the alphabet with positions to spot them.

Syllogism: 'No A is B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'Some C are not A'.

Puzzle: if A is taller than B and B taller than C, then A is tallest; arrange in order.

Cube and dice: opposite faces never appear together; a standard die has opposite faces summing to 7.

Venn diagram: overlapping circles show common elements; disjoint circles show no overlap.

Mathematical operations: replace symbols as instructed and apply BODMAS order strictly.

MP's forest cover is among the largest in India; Kanha National Park inspired Kipling's 'The Jungle Book'.

UNESCO sites in MP: Khajuraho, Sanchi, Bhimbetka; Gwalior fort and Orchha are on the tentative list.

Indian states and capitals: MP–Bhopal, UP–Lucknow, Maharashtra–Mumbai, Rajasthan–Jaipur, Gujarat–Gandhinagar.

National institutions: RBI (central bank), SEBI (securities), ISRO (space), NITI Aayog (policy).

Sports: Major Dhyan Chand is hockey legend; MP's Aishwary Pratap Singh Tomar is an Olympic shooter.

Current affairs: track budget highlights, new schemes, appointments and international summits.

MP's Pachmarhi is the highest point in the state and a biosphere reserve.

संज्ञा के भेद: व्यक्तिवाचक, जातिवाचक, भाववाचक, समूहवाचक और द्रव्यवाचक।

सर्वनाम के भेद: पुरुषवाचक, निजवाचक, निश्चयवाचक, अनिश्चयवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, संबंधवाचक।

क्रियाविशेषण के भेद: कालवाचक, स्थानवाचक, परिमाणवाचक, रीतिवाचक।

संबंधबोधक, समुच्चयबोधक और विस्मयादिबोधक शब्द भी व्याकरण में पूछे जाते हैं।

वाच्य परिवर्तन: कर्तृवाच्य से कर्मवाच्य में क्रिया 'जाना' के रूप में बदलती है।

काल परिवर्तन और वाक्य-शुद्धि के अभ्यास से अंक सुरक्षित होते हैं।

अपठित गद्यांश में शीर्षक, मुख्य भाव और लेखक का उद्देश्य पहचानें।

Tense table: simple present (V1), present continuous (is/am/are + V-ing), present perfect (has/have + V3).

Past perfect = had + V3, used for the earlier of two past actions.

Future forms: will + V1 for decisions, going to + V1 for plans.

Reported speech: 'said to' becomes 'told'; questions use 'asked if/whether'.

Prepositional phrases: 'good at', 'interested in', 'afraid of', 'married to'.

Synonyms: abundant = plentiful, brief = short, cautious = careful, diligent = hardworking.

Antonyms: ancient–modern, artificial–natural, generous–stingy, victory–defeat.

Successive percentage change: net = a + b + ab/100 (use signs for increase/decrease).

Average of first n natural numbers = (n+1)/2; sum = n(n+1)/2.

Simple interest: SI = PRT/100; amount = P + SI.

Ratio: if a:b = 2:3 and b:c = 4:5, then a:b:c = 8:12:15.

Mensuration: total surface area of a sphere = 4πr²; volume of a cone = (1/3)πr²h.

Triangle inequality: sum of any two sides > third side.

Circle geometry: angle at the centre = 2 × angle at the circumference on the same arc.

Algebra: (a+b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab(a+b); (a−b)³ = a³ − b³ − 3ab(a−b).

Electricity: series resistance R = R₁ + R₂; parallel 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.

Magnetism: like poles repel, unlike poles attract; a freely suspended magnet points north-south.

Chemistry: elements combine in fixed ratios by mass (law of constant proportions).

Acids react with metals to release hydrogen gas; bases feel soapy and turn red litmus blue.

Biology: the heart pumps blood; arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins towards it.

Plant parts: roots absorb water, leaves make food, flowers are reproductive organs.

Health: balanced diet needs carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water.

Ancient civilisations: Harappan (urban planning, drainage), Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Chinese.

Buddhism and Jainism arose in the 6th century BCE; Gautama Buddha and Mahavira were key figures.

Medieval South India: Chola, Chera and Pandya kingdoms; Cholas built the Brihadeeswarar temple.

Geography: the Himalayas are young fold mountains; the Aravalli is one of the oldest ranges.

Civics: the Election Commission conducts elections; the Supreme Court is the highest judicial body.

Economics: money acts as a medium of exchange, store of value and unit of account.

MP: the Narmada and Tapti flow west into the Arabian Sea; the Chambal flows north into the Yamuna.

Software types: system software (OS, utilities) and application software (Word, Excel, browsers).

MS Office: Word for documents, Excel for spreadsheets, PowerPoint for presentations.

Excel formula: =A1+B1 adds cells; =SUM(A1:A10) totals a range.

Internet: ISP provides connectivity; bandwidth measures data transfer capacity.

Email: inbox, sent, draft, spam, trash folders; attachments are files sent with mail.

Digital payments: UPI, net banking, debit/credit cards; OTP adds security to transactions.

E-governance in MP: e-District, MPOnline, Samagra, and DigiLocker for citizen services.

Series: identify the operation between consecutive terms; try +, −, ×, ÷ and squares.

Odd one out: check for prime numbers, perfect squares, or category (fruits, animals, colours).

Coding: if 'CAT' = 3120, letters map to their alphabet positions.

Direction: draw a rough diagram; net displacement requires combining all moves.

Blood relation: 'A's father's sister' = A's paternal aunt.

Calendar: 1 January 2024 was a Monday; use odd-day counts to find other dates.

Clock: at 3:00 the angle between hands is 90°; at 6:00 it is 180°.

MP's tribal population is significant; Bhil, Gond, Baiga and Korku are major tribes.

Fairs and festivals: Simhastha (Ujjain), Tansen Samaroh (Gwalior), Lokrang (Bhopal), Khajuraho Dance Festival.

Indian defence: highest wartime gallantry award = Param Vir Chakra; peacetime = Ashoka Chakra.

Constitutional bodies: Election Commission, UPSC, CAG, Finance Commission.

Recent science: ISRO's Chandrayaan-3 (2023) and Aditya-L1; India's G20 presidency in 2023.

MP economy: agriculture and mineral-based industries dominate; Singrauli is a major power hub.

National days: 26 January Republic Day, 15 August Independence Day, 5 September Teachers' Day, 2 October Gandhi Jayanti.

वर्ण-विचार: स्वर के भेद - ह्रस्व, दीर्घ, प्लुत; व्यंजन के भेद - स्पर्श, अंतःस्थ, ऊष्म।

संधि के उदाहरण: नर + इंद्र = नरेंद्र (गुण); देव + इंद्र = देवेंद्र (गुण)।

समास उदाहरण: राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र (तत्पुरुष); नीलकमल = नीला है जो कमल (कर्मधारय)।

अलंकार उदाहरण: 'चारु चंद्र की चंचल किरणें' में अनुप्रास।

क्रिया काल: 'पढ़ता है' (सामान्य वर्तमान), 'पढ़ रहा है' (अपूर्ण), 'पढ़ चुका है' (पूर्ण)।

शब्द-भेद: तत्सम, तद्भव, देशज, विदेशी - उदाहरण सहित याद करें।

वाक्य-शुद्धि और वर्तनी-शुद्धि के लिए नियमित अभ्यास आवश्यक है।

Sentence types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, exclamatory.

Phrases vs clauses: a phrase lacks a subject-verb pair; a clause has one.

Articles: zero article with plural countable nouns used generally ('Books are useful').

Adjectives order: opinion, size, age, shape, colour, origin, material, purpose.

Phrasal verbs: 'give up' = quit, 'look after' = take care of, 'put off' = postpone.

Comprehension: distinguish fact from opinion and identify the author's purpose.

Writing: formal letters use 'Dear Sir/Madam' and 'Yours faithfully'; informal use 'Yours lovingly'.

Percentage: x% of y = (x/100) × y; increase by 20% then decrease by 20% gives net −4%.

Profit and loss: if CP of x articles equals SP of y articles, profit% = ((x−y)/y) × 100.

Time and work: if A is twice as efficient as B, A takes half the time of B.

Mensuration: area of a ring = π(R² − r²); volume of a hollow cylinder = πh(R² − r²).

Geometry: sum of exterior angles of any polygon = 360°.

Algebra: if a + b + c = 0, then a³ + b³ + c³ = 3abc.

Statistics: mean = sum/n; median is the middle value; mode is the most frequent value.

Number system: prime numbers up to 50: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47.

Force and pressure: pressure = force/area; liquids exert pressure in all directions.

Light: a plane mirror forms a virtual, erect, same-size image.

Chemistry: a molecule is the smallest particle of a compound; an atom of an element.

Common compounds: common salt NaCl, baking soda NaHCO₃, washing soda Na₂CO₃.

Biology: chlorophyll traps sunlight; stomata allow gas exchange in leaves.

Human skeleton: 206 bones in an adult; the skull protects the brain.

Nutrition: deficiency of iron causes anaemia; iodine deficiency causes goitre.

Modern India: British rule, socio-religious reforms (Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar).

Gandhi's movements: Non-Cooperation (1920), Civil Disobedience (1930), Quit India (1942).

Geography: Indian Standard Time is based on 82.5°E longitude passing through Mirzapur.

Civics: the Constitution is the supreme law; amendments follow Article 368 procedure.

Economics: budget shows government receipts and expenditure; fiscal deficit = total expenditure − total receipts.

MP: Bhopal was the capital of the former Bhopal state; the state was reorganised in 1956.

World organisations: UN (1945), WHO, UNESCO, WTO - India is a founding UN member.

Computer generations and components: input, output, CPU, memory, storage.

Memory units: bit < byte < KB < MB < GB < TB.

MS Word: Ctrl+E centre, Ctrl+L left, Ctrl+R right, Ctrl+J justify.

MS Excel: SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT, IF, VLOOKUP are common functions.

Internet: URL structure = protocol://domain/path; HTTPS is secure HTTP.

E-governance: digital certificates, online forms, e-payments reduce corruption and delays.

Security: antivirus scans for malware; strong passwords mix letters, numbers and symbols.

Coding-decoding: in a substitution code, letters keep their positions but symbols change.

Number series: alternating addition and subtraction patterns are common.

Blood relations: 'only son of my grandfather' = my father (if speaker is male).

Direction: if you walk 5 m north, turn right and walk 5 m, you are 5√2 m from the start.

Seating: in a row facing north, left and right are as seen by the observer facing north.

Analogy: 'Doctor : Hospital :: Teacher : School' (profession and workplace).

Odd one out: 2, 3, 5, 7, 9 - 9 is the only non-prime.

MP's state animal barasingha is found mainly in Kanha National Park.

Indian currency: rupee symbol ₹ adopted in 2010; RBI issues currency notes except one-rupee notes (issued by the Government of India).

National anthem 'Jana Gana Mana' by Rabindranath Tagore; national song 'Vande Mataram' by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

International organisations: UN headquarters in New York, WHO in Geneva, UNESCO in Paris.

Space: ISRO headquarters in Bengaluru; Chandrayaan-3 landed on the Moon in August 2023.

MP tourism: Orchha, Mandu, Maheshwar, Chanderi and Amarkantak are major heritage and religious sites.

Current affairs: revise state and central government schemes, awards and sports results of the last year.

संज्ञा से विशेषण बनाना: सुख → सुखी, दया → दयालु, विद्या → विद्वान।

क्रिया से संज्ञा: पढ़ना → पढ़ाई, लिखना → लेखन, बोलना → बोलने की क्रिया।

उपसर्ग के उदाहरण: अनु + शासन = अनुशासन; प्रति + दिन = प्रतिदिन।

प्रत्यय के उदाहरण: मानव + ता = मानवता; लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

समास विग्रह और समास के भेद दोनों पूछे जाते हैं।

रस और अलंकार की पहचान काव्य पंक्तियों से करें।

गद्यांश में मुख्य विचार, सहायक विचार और निष्कर्ष अलग-अलग पहचानें।

Subject-verb agreement with collective nouns: 'The team is playing' (as one unit).

Pronoun agreement: 'Everyone must bring his or her book'.

Tense consistency: do not shift from past to present within one sentence without reason.

Comparison: use 'as ... as' for equality and 'than' for comparative.

Vocabulary: 'obsolete' = out of date, 'transparent' = see-through, 'fragile' = easily broken.

Idioms: 'in hot water' = in trouble; 'a blessing in disguise' = an apparent misfortune that turns out good.

Comprehension: scan for keywords, then read the surrounding sentence for context.

Percentage of a number: 15% of 200 = 30; use fractions for quick mental maths.

Simple interest: if SI = P/4 and T = 5 years, then R = 5%.

Profit and loss: SP = CP × (100 + profit%)/100.

Time, speed and distance: distance = speed × time; convert km/h to m/s by × 5/18.

Mensuration: area of a semicircle = ½πr²; perimeter = πr + 2r.

Geometry: diagonals of a rectangle are equal; diagonals of a rhombus bisect at 90°.

Algebra: (x + y + z)² = x² + y² + z² + 2xy + 2yz + 2zx.

Average: if each value increases by k, the average also increases by k.

Units: distance in metre, time in second, mass in kilogram, temperature in kelvin.

Force: friction opposes motion; gravity pulls objects towards Earth.

Chemistry: a chemical change is irreversible (rusting, burning); a physical change is reversible (melting).

Mixtures and compounds: mixtures can be separated physically; compounds only chemically.

Biology: respiration releases energy from food; breathing exchanges gases.

Excretion: kidneys remove urea; skin removes sweat; lungs remove carbon dioxide.

Reproduction in plants: seeds germinate with water, air and suitable temperature.

Indian Constitution: borrowed features - parliamentary system (UK), fundamental rights (USA), directive principles (Ireland).

Civics: the Governor is appointed by the President; the Chief Minister is the real executive head of a state.

Geography: the Deccan Plateau lies between the Western and Eastern Ghats.

History: the Revolt of 1857 began at Meerut; Rani Lakshmibai led Jhansi.

Economics: inflation reduces purchasing power; deflation is a fall in the general price level.

MP: major crops are wheat, soybean, gram and cotton; Indore is a major commercial centre.

International relations: SAARC and BRICS are groupings India participates in.

Computer: input → processing (CPU) → output; memory stores data and instructions.

MS Word: use Find and Replace to change repeated text quickly.

MS Excel: freeze panes keep headers visible while scrolling.

Internet: IP addresses have four octets; DNS converts names to IP addresses.

Email etiquette: clear subject, concise body, avoid all caps.

E-governance: online certificate issuance, land records, and grievance redressal portals.

Cybersecurity: never share OTPs or passwords; report phishing to the service provider.

Series: squares 1, 4, 9, 16, 25; cubes 1, 8, 27, 64, 125.

Letter coding: A=1, B=2, ... Z=26; reverse coding A=26, B=25, ... Z=1.

Blood relation: 'brother's sister' to a male speaker is his sister (unless stated otherwise).

Direction: after a full 360° turn you face the original direction.

Calendar: leap year has 366 days and 2 odd days; ordinary year has 1 odd day.

Clock: the minute hand moves 6° per minute; the hour hand moves 0.5° per minute.

Syllogism: 'Some A are B' and 'Some B are C' does not imply 'Some A are C'.

MP's major rivers: Narmada, Tapti, Chambal, Betwa, Sone, Wainganga; Narmada is the longest river flowing within MP.

MP's major lakes: Upper Lake (Bhopal), Lower Lake, and Tawa reservoir.

Indian states: 28 states and 8 union territories after the reorganisation of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019.

National institutions: Supreme Court in New Delhi, RBI in Mumbai, ISRO in Bengaluru.

Awards and honours: Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri in order of precedence.

Sports: cricket, hockey, kabaddi and athletics are popular; MP hosts the Tansen and Khajuraho festivals.

Current affairs: read one newspaper daily and note state-specific schemes for MP.

वाक्य के भेद अर्थ के आधार पर: विधानवाचक, निषेधवाचक, प्रश्नवाचक, आज्ञावाचक, विस्मयादिबोधक, संदेहवाचक।

वाच्य के भेद और उनके उदाहरण याद करें: कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य, भाववाच्य।

काल के भेद: वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य - प्रत्येक के चार उपभेद।

शब्द-शक्ति: अभिधा, लक्षणा, व्यंजना - उदाहरण सहित।

अलंकार के भेद: शब्दालंकार (अनुप्रास, यमक, श्लेष) और अर्थालंकार (उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा)।

रस के नौ भेद और उनके स्थायी भाव याद रखें।

गद्य की विधाएँ: कहानी, उपन्यास, निबंध, नाटक, जीवनी, रेखाचित्र।

Verb forms: V1 base, V2 past, V3 past participle; irregular verbs must be memorised.

Gerund vs infinitive: 'enjoy reading' (gerund), 'want to read' (infinitive).

Prepositions after verbs: 'depend on', 'listen to', 'look at', 'consist of'.

Conjunctions: 'although' contrasts, 'because' gives reason, 'unless' gives condition.

Vocabulary: 'ambiguous' = unclear, 'concise' = brief, 'diligent' = hardworking, 'frugal' = thrifty.

Idioms: 'to turn a deaf ear' = ignore; 'to make ends meet' = manage finances.

Comprehension: the answer must be supported by the passage, not by personal opinion.

Percentage change: new value = old value × (1 ± rate/100).

Simple interest: SI = P × R × T / 100; T in years, R as a percentage.

Compound interest: amount = P(1 + R/100)^n; interest = amount − P.

Ratio and proportion: mean proportional between a and b is √(ab).

Mensuration: area of a regular hexagon = (3√3/2)a².

Geometry: sum of interior angles of a polygon = (n − 2) × 180°.

Algebra: a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² − ab + b²); a³ − b³ = (a − b)(a² + ab + b²).

Statistics: range = highest − lowest; mean of grouped data uses class midpoints.

Motion: distance is scalar, displacement is vector; speed is scalar, velocity is vector.

Energy forms: kinetic, potential, chemical, electrical, solar; energy is conserved.

Chemistry: acids have pH < 7, bases > 7; indicators detect acids and bases.

Periodic table: metals on the left, non-metals on the right, noble gases in group 18.

Biology: the cell is the basic unit of life; unicellular (Amoeba) and multicellular organisms.

Human body systems: digestive, respiratory, circulatory, excretory, nervous, skeletal.

Diseases and causes: cholera (bacteria, contaminated water), polio (virus), malaria (protozoan).

Indian history periods: ancient, medieval, modern; the British period ended in 1947.

Civics: the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties are key topics.

Geography: climate of India is monsoon type; rainfall decreases from east to west in the Ganga plain.

Economics: GDP, GNP, inflation, unemployment and poverty are core concepts.

MP: the state contributes significantly to India's soybean and gram production.

World history: French Revolution (1789), Russian Revolution (1917), both world wars.

International bodies: UN, WHO, UNESCO, IMF, World Bank, WTO.

Input devices: keyboard, mouse, scanner, microphone; output: monitor, printer, speaker.

CPU parts: control unit, arithmetic logic unit, registers.

MS Word: page setup, margins, orientation, print preview.

MS Excel: charts (bar, pie, line) visualise data; formulas recalculate automatically.

Internet: WWW is a service on the internet; a web page is a document on the WWW.

E-governance: MP e-District portal issues income, caste and residence certificates.

Security: use two-factor authentication and update software regularly.

Series: identify the pattern by checking differences between consecutive terms first.

Coding: letter positions and shifts; write the alphabet both forward and reverse.

Blood relations: draw a tree with males on one side and females on the other.

Direction: use a compass diagram; right turn = 90° clockwise.

Calendar: 1 January 2025 is a Wednesday; 2024 was a leap year.

Clock: hands overlap 22 times in 24 hours.

Syllogism: use Venn diagrams to verify conclusions before marking answers.

MP's state animal barasingha, state bird dudhraj, state tree banyan, state fish mahseer.

MP tourist spots: Khajuraho, Sanchi, Bhimbetka, Pachmarhi, Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Ujjain, Orchha.

MP borders five states: UP, Chhattisgarh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Rajasthan.

National symbols: tiger, peacock, lotus, mango, banyan.

Recent events: Chandrayaan-3 (2023), G20 summit in India (2023), Aditya-L1 solar mission.

Awards: Bharat Ratna (highest civilian), Param Vir Chakra (highest military).

MP schemes: Ladli Behna Yojana, Mukhyamantri Kisan Kalyan Yojana.

स्वर 11, व्यंजन 33, अयोगवाह 2, संयुक्त व्यंजन 4 - वर्णमाला का क्रम याद रखें।

संधि: स्वर, व्यंजन, विसर्ग - उदाहरण: विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।

समास: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि, अव्ययीभाव।

काल तीन और वाच्य तीन - उदाहरण सहित पहचानें।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास, उपमा, रूपक, उत्प्रेक्षा।

मुहावरा वाक्यांश है, लोकोक्ति पूर्ण वाक्य है।

रस नौ: श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत, शांत।

Subject-verb agreement: singular subject → singular verb; 'each, everyone, neither' are singular.

Tenses: present perfect = has/have + V3; past perfect = had + V3.

Active to passive: object + be + V3 + by + agent.

Articles: a before consonant sound, an before vowel sound, the for specific nouns.

Confusables: affect/effect, principal/principle, stationary/stationery.

Indirect speech: shift tense back, change pronouns and time words.

Idioms: 'piece of cake' = easy; 'once in a blue moon' = rarely.

Average = sum/n; percentage change = (change/original) × 100.

SI = PRT/100; CI = P(1 + R/100)^T − P.

Profit% = (SP − CP)/CP × 100; discount is calculated on marked price.

Time and work: one day's work = 1/x; combined rate = 1/x + 1/y.

Area: rectangle l×b, triangle ½bh, circle πr², trapezium ½(a+b)h.

Volume: cube a³, cuboid lbh, cylinder πr²h, sphere (4/3)πr³.

Identities: (a+b)² = a² + 2ab + b²; a² − b² = (a+b)(a−b).

Pythagoras: hypotenuse² = base² + perpendicular².

SI units: force newton, energy joule, power watt, pressure pascal, current ampere.

Newton's laws: inertia, F = ma, action-reaction.

Light speed ≈ 3 × 10⁸ m/s; sound cannot travel in vacuum.

pH: <7 acidic, 7 neutral, >7 basic; litmus test.

Symbols: Na sodium, K potassium, Fe iron, Cu copper, Au gold, Ag silver.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂.

Human body: largest organ skin, largest gland liver, heart four chambers.

INC founded 1885; Jallianwala Bagh 1919; Quit India 1942; Independence 1947.

Fundamental Rights Part III (Articles 12–35); Fundamental Duties Part IVA (Article 51A).

Preamble: sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic; Constitution effective 26 January 1950.

Tropic of Cancer passes through eight Indian states, including MP.

Southwest monsoon June–September brings most rainfall; Mawsynram is the wettest place.

GDP = value of final goods and services; inflation = sustained rise in price level.

Panchayati Raj: Gram Panchayat, Panchayat Samiti, Zila Parishad (73rd Amendment 1992).

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes; 1 MB = 1024 KB; 1 GB = 1024 MB.

Input/output/storage devices; RAM volatile, ROM non-volatile.

Word shortcuts: Ctrl+C, Ctrl+V, Ctrl+X, Ctrl+Z, Ctrl+S, Ctrl+P.

Excel: formulas start with '='; SUM(A1:A5); $ fixes a cell reference.

Internet: HTTP/HTTPS, IP address, URL, search engines.

MP e-governance: e-District, Samagra ID, MPOnline, DigiLocker.

Email: To, Cc, Bcc; spam is unsolicited bulk mail.

Number series: check differences, ratios, squares and cubes.

Coding: A=1 to Z=26; reverse A=26 to Z=1.

Blood relations: draw a family tree with male/female markers.

Direction: fix north at the top; right turn from north = east.

Odd one out: test shared property (prime, square, category).

Calendar: ordinary year shifts day by 1, leap year by 2; century years divisible by 400 are leap years.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' + 'All B are C' → 'All A are C'.