MP Patwari key terms

दो वर्णों के मेल से उत्पन्न विकार को संधि कहते हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय। इसके स्वर, व्यंजन और विसर्ग भेद परीक्षा में पूछे जाते हैं।

दो या अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने संक्षिप्त पद को समास कहते हैं, जैसे राजपुत्र = राजा का पुत्र। इसके अव्ययीभाव, तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व और बहुव्रीहि भेद हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द से पहले जुड़कर उसका अर्थ बदल देता है, जैसे अन + पढ़ = अनपढ़। हिंदी में प्र, परा, अप, सम् आदि उपसर्ग प्रचलित हैं।

वह शब्दांश जो मूल शब्द के बाद जुड़कर नया अर्थ या भाव उत्पन्न करता है, जैसे लड़कपन में पन। यह कृत् और तद्धित दो प्रकार के होते हैं।

काव्य की शोभा बढ़ाने वाले तत्व को अलंकार कहते हैं। अनुप्रास, यमक, उपमा, रूपक और उत्प्रेक्षा इसके प्रमुख भेद हैं जो शब्द और अर्थ के स्तर पर काम करते हैं।

काव्य पढ़ने या सुनने से जो आनंदमय भाव जागता है उसे रस कहते हैं। श्रृंगार, हास्य, करुण, रौद्र, वीर, भयानक, बीभत्स, अद्भुत और शांत इसके नौ भेद माने जाते हैं।

कविता में मात्राओं और गणों के नियमित क्रम को छंद कहते हैं। चौपाई, दोहा, सोरठा और हरिगीतिका जैसे छंद हिंदी साहित्य में सामान्य हैं।

संयुक्त शब्द को उसके मूल घटकों में अलग करने की क्रिया को संधि विच्छेद कहते हैं, जैसे सूर्योदय = सूर्य + उदय। परीक्षा में यह अक्सर सीधे प्रश्न के रूप में आता है।

ऐसा वाक्यांश जो अपने शब्दों के सामान्य अर्थ से भिन्न लाक्षणिक अर्थ देता है, जैसे नौ दो ग्यारह होना अर्थात भाग जाना। इसका प्रयोग वाक्य में क्रिया के रूप में होता है।

एक ही अर्थ देने वाले अनेक शब्दों को पर्यायवाची कहते हैं, जैसे जल, नीर, पानी और वारि। शब्द भंडार और अर्थ भेद समझने के लिए यह महत्वपूर्ण है।

विपरीत अर्थ वाले शब्दों को विलोम या विपरीतार्थक शब्द कहते हैं, जैसे दिन का विलोम रात है। यह शब्दावली प्रश्नों का सामान्य और स्कोरिंग भाग है।

जिन शब्दों के प्रसंग के अनुसार एक से अधिक अर्थ निकलते हैं उन्हें अनेकार्थी कहते हैं, जैसे कर का अर्थ हाथ, टैक्स या किरण हो सकता है।

क्रिया के होने के समय का बोध कराने वाला व्याकरणिक रूप काल कहलाता है। हिंदी में वर्तमान, भूत और भविष्य तीन मुख्य काल हैं, जिनके कई उपभेद होते हैं।

वाक्य में कर्ता, कर्म और क्रिया के परस्पर संबंध को वाच्य कहते हैं। कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य इसके तीन भेद हैं जो वाक्य संरचना बदलते हैं।

वह शब्द जो किसी काम के करने या होने का बोध कराता है, क्रिया कहलाता है, जैसे पढ़ना, दौड़ना। यह सकर्मक और अकर्मक भी हो सकती है।

जनसमाज में प्रचलित पूर्ण वाक्य जो कोई अनुभवजन्य सत्य या नीति कहता है, लोकोक्ति कहलाता है, जैसे अंधों में काना राजा। यह स्वतंत्र वाक्य के रूप में प्रयुक्त होती है।

The rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, as in She writes versus They write. Errors here are common in error-spotting and fill-in-the-blank questions.

The grammatical form that locates an action in time, such as present, past or future, and marks whether it is simple, continuous, perfect or perfect continuous. Correct tense choice is tested in sentence correction.

Voice shows whether the subject performs the action or receives it. Active voice puts the doer first; passive voice puts the receiver first and uses a form of be with the past participle.

Direct speech quotes a speaker's exact words inside quotation marks; indirect speech reports them without quotes and usually shifts tense, pronouns and time words. Questions often ask for the correct reported form.

A word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation to another element, such as in, on, at, since or between. Wrong preposition choice is a frequent error-spotting item.

A fixed expression whose meaning cannot be worked out from its individual words, such as to let the cat out of the bag meaning to reveal a secret. Idioms are tested with meaning-matching questions.

A synonym is a word with nearly the same meaning as another, such as begin and start; an antonym carries the opposite meaning, such as begin and end. Both are standard vocabulary question types.

Replacing a phrase with a single precise word, such as replacing a person who loves books with bibliophile. The question gives the phrase and asks the candidate to pick the correct word.

A percentage expresses a number as a part of one hundred, so 25 percent means 25 out of 100. Converting between fractions, decimals and percentages is basic to profit, loss and interest problems.

A ratio compares two quantities of the same kind, such as 3 to 5, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal. These ideas underlie partnership, mixture and unitary-method questions.

The average of a set of values is their sum divided by the number of values. It is used in problems about ages, marks, speed and combined groups, often with a change in one value.

Simple interest is calculated only on the principal for the whole period, while compound interest is calculated on the principal plus accumulated interest. Candidates must recall and apply both formulas.

These problems relate distance travelled, speed and time through the formula distance equals speed multiplied by time. Trains, boats and streams and relative speed are common variations.

Mensuration covers measurement of perimeter, area, surface area and volume of plane and solid figures such as triangles, circles, cylinders and spheres. Formula recall and unit conversion are essential.

In a right-angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse equals the sum of the squares of the other two sides. It is widely used to find unknown sides, diagonals and distances in geometry questions.

Three laws describe how force affects motion: objects stay at rest or in uniform motion without a net force, force equals mass times acceleration, and every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Work is force acting through a distance, energy is the capacity to do work, and power is the rate of doing work. Their SI units are joule, joule and watt respectively.

Acids release hydrogen ions in water, taste sour and turn blue litmus red, while bases release hydroxide ions, feel soapy and turn red litmus blue. Their reaction is called neutralisation and gives salt and water.

The process by which green plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll as the pigment and chloroplast as the site. It links biology with basic chemistry.

Rights guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, such as equality, freedom of speech and life, enforceable through writs. They are a core civics topic for state and central exams.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution that direct the state towards social and economic welfare, such as equal pay and village panchayats. They are not enforceable in courts but guide lawmaking.

The three-tier system of local self-government at village, block and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment of 1992. Madhya Pradesh was an early adopter of these reforms.

The latitude about 23.5 degrees north of the equator, which passes through Madhya Pradesh and several other Indian states. It affects climate and is a frequent map-based geography question.

System software that manages hardware, files, memory and programs and provides a user interface, such as Windows or Linux. Questions cover its functions, types and common file operations.

A word-processing program used to create, format, save and print documents. Candidates should know menus, shortcuts, page setup, tables and mail merge features.

A spreadsheet program that stores data in rows and columns of cells and calculates results through formulas and functions like SUM and AVERAGE. Charts and cell references are commonly tested.

The internet is a global network of linked computers, and a browser is software such as Chrome or Firefox used to view web pages. Questions cover URLs, search engines, email and downloading.

Use of information and communication technology to deliver government services to citizens, such as online certificates, payments and grievance portals. Madhya Pradesh's Lok Seva Guarantee portal is a familiar example.

A sequence in which items follow a rule, such as adding 3 each time or alternating letters by position. The candidate must find the pattern and supply the missing or next item.

A question gives words or numbers in a coded form and asks for the rule so another word can be coded or decoded. Letter shifts, reversals and position values are common patterns.

Problems present family relationships through statements or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a small family tree with clear gender and generation marks prevents errors.

These questions track a person's movement in terms of north, south, east and west and ask for final direction or shortest distance. A rough diagram and the Pythagoras relation help solve them.