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The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 redrew India's internal boundaries, and the reorganised state of Madhya Pradesh was inaugurated on 1 November 1956. On that day the former units of Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh and Bhopal were merged with the Mahakoshal region.
Bhopal has served as the capital of Madhya Pradesh since the state was reorganised in 1956. The Vidhan Sabha, the state secretariat and the principal offices of the state government are located there.
The Narmada originates from the Amarkantak plateau in the Maikal range, at the meeting point of the Vindhya and Satpura hills. From there it flows westwards through a rift valley and drains into the Arabian Sea.
The barasingha, or hard-ground swamp deer, is the state animal of Madhya Pradesh and is closely associated with Kanha National Park. It was chosen because the state's grasslands and sal forests are its natural habitat.
Emperor Ashoka had the original brick stupa built at Sanchi in the 3rd century BCE, and later dynasties enlarged and adorned it. The site in Raisen district is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Nitrogen accounts for about 78 per cent of the atmosphere by volume, which makes it the dominant constituent. Oxygen comes next at roughly 21 per cent, while argon and carbon dioxide are present only in small amounts.
The liver, weighing about 1.5 kg in an adult, is the largest gland in the body and secretes bile. It also performs vital metabolic functions such as storing glycogen and detoxifying harmful substances.
The Chandela rulers built the Khajuraho temples between the 10th and 12th centuries CE, and about twenty of the original group still survive. They are famous for their nagara-style architecture and sculptural panels, and were inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1986.
Dhupgarh, situated near Pachmarhi in the Mahadeo hills of the Satpura range, rises to about 1,350 metres. It is regarded as the highest point in Madhya Pradesh and is a well-known spot for viewing the sunset.
The Tansen Sangeet Samaroh is held each December at Gwalior, near the tomb of the musician Tansen at Behat. It is one of India's oldest and most respected classical music festivals, drawing artists from across the country.
Madhya Pradesh returns 29 members to the Lok Sabha, a figure retained by the delimitation carried out in 2008. The state's Lok Sabha constituencies range across regions such as Malwa, Bundelkhand, Mahakoshal and Chambal.
Pandit Ravishankar Shukla headed the first government of the reorganised state on 1 November 1956. He had earlier been Chief Minister of the old Central Provinces and Berar, and his son Shyama Charan Shukla also later became Chief Minister.
Kuno National Park is located in Sheopur district in northern Madhya Pradesh and was chosen because of its open grassland and prey base. Cheetahs brought from Namibia were released there in 2022.
The Bhimbetka rock shelters lie at the southern edge of the Vindhya range in Raisen district. They preserve paintings spanning thousands of years and were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2003.
The Bhils form the largest tribal group in Madhya Pradesh, concentrated mainly in the western districts such as Jhabua, Alirajpur and Dhar. The Gonds come next in numbers and are spread across the eastern and central parts of the state.
Article 356 empowers the President to assume the functions of a state government when the constitutional machinery in that state has failed. Such a proclamation must be approved by both Houses of Parliament within two months.
Scurvy results from a lack of vitamin C, also called ascorbic acid, which is needed for the synthesis of collagen. It produces bleeding gums, slow wound healing and weakness, and is prevented by eating citrus fruits and fresh vegetables.
The Indira Sagar Dam stands on the Narmada at Narmadanagar in Khandwa district and is the biggest dam in the state. It forms a large reservoir that supports irrigation and hydroelectric generation.
According to the India State of Forest Report, Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in the country in terms of total area. Mizoram, by contrast, has the highest proportion of its geographical area under forest.
Orchha was founded by the Bundela ruler Rudra Pratap in the 16th century on the banks of the Betwa river. Its forts, palaces and the Ram Raja Temple make it an important heritage destination in the state.
The Tapti, also called the Tapi, rises near Multai in Betul district of Madhya Pradesh. Unlike the Narmada and the Mahanadi, it flows westwards through a rift valley and empties into the Arabian Sea.
The Bhojeshwar temple was built in the 11th century by the Paramara king Bhoja, after whom the town of Bhojpur is named. It houses one of the largest Shiva lingas in India and is famous for the unfinished state of its construction.
The banyan, known locally as bargad, is the state tree of Madhya Pradesh. Its extensive aerial roots and long life make it a common feature of village squares and temple grounds across the state.
Chhindwara, spread over roughly 11,800 square kilometres, is the largest district of Madhya Pradesh by area. It lies in the southern part of the state and includes the Satpura hill tracts around Pachmarhi and Tamia.
The new state of 1 November 1956 was formed by merging the old Mahakoshal region with the Part B state of Madhya Bharat, the Part C state of Vindhya Pradesh and the Part C state of Bhopal. This combination produced the present-day outline of Madhya Pradesh, which was later reduced in 2000 when Chhattisgarh was created.
Bhopal has been the capital of Madhya Pradesh since the state's reorganisation in 1956. It houses the state secretariat, the Legislative Assembly and the Raj Bhavan.
The Madhya Pradesh High Court was established at Jabalpur, where its principal seat remains. It has permanent benches at Gwalior and Indore.
Simhastha is held at Ujjain on the Shipra river, near the Mahakaleshwar temple. It recurs every 12 years, with the last normal gathering in 2016.
Chanderi sarees come from Chanderi town and Maheshwari sarees from Maheshwar, both in Madhya Pradesh. Both products have Geographical Indication tags.
Vitamin A is needed to make rhodopsin, the pigment that helps the retina respond to dim light. Its deficiency therefore impairs vision in low light, a condition called night blindness.
The Governor is appointed by the President and acts as the constitutional head of the state. The Chief Minister heads the elected government and exercises executive powers with the Council of Ministers.
The Narmada traverses Madhya Pradesh from Amarkantak to the Gujarat border and is the state's longest river. It flows through a rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges.
The Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly has 230 elected members. Members are elected from single-member territorial constituencies for a term of five years.
Madhya Pradesh sends 11 members to the Rajya Sabha. They are elected by the state's MLAs through proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote.
Bandhavgarh National Park lies in Umaria district in the Vindhya range. It is known for a high density of tigers and the historic Bandhavgarh fort.
Pachmarhi is situated in the Satpura range and is often called the 'Queen of Satpura'. The highest point of Madhya Pradesh, Dhupgarh, lies nearby.
Sanchi lies in Raisen district, close to the town of Vidisha. The site's Great Stupa was originally built under Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE.
Gandhi Sagar Dam is built on the Chambal river in Mandsaur district. It is one of the major dams of the Chambal Valley project and creates a large reservoir.
Gwalior Fort is nicknamed the 'Gibraltar of India' because of its massive hilltop defences. It has been held by several dynasties, including the Tomars, Mughals and Scindias.
The Holkars were the rulers of Indore, with Ahilyabai Holkar as their most celebrated ruler. Gwalior was the seat of the Scindias, while Bhopal and Rewa had separate princely dynasties.
The Battle of Plassey was fought in 1757 between the British East India Company under Robert Clive and Siraj-ud-Daulah. The Company's victory laid the foundation of British political power in Bengal.
The Directive Principles were borrowed from the Irish Constitution, which contains similar socio-economic guidelines. Fundamental Rights, by contrast, were influenced mainly by the US Constitution.
The Tropic of Cancer crosses eight Indian states, from Gujarat in the west to Mizoram in the east. Madhya Pradesh is one of them, with the line passing near Bhopal.
The Madhya Pradesh portion of Pench Tiger Reserve lies in Seoni and Chhindwara districts. The reserve continues into Nagpur district of Maharashtra.
The Chambal rises from the Janapav hill in Indore district, on the northern edge of the Vindhya range. It then flows north through Mandsaur and Morena before entering Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.
Vindhyachal Thermal Power Station is located in Singrauli district, within the Singrauli coalfield and energy hub. It is operated by NTPC and has one of the largest installed capacities in India.
Article 243-I requires every state to constitute a Finance Commission to review the financial position of Panchayats. Article 280 deals with the Union Finance Commission, not the State Finance Commission.
Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve was included in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves in 2009. It covers the Pachmarhi, Satpura and Bori protected areas.
The Udayagiri caves near Vidisha contain Gupta-period rock-cut shrines and inscriptions, including the famous Varaha panel. They are especially linked to the reign of Chandragupta II.
The Indian paradise flycatcher is the state bird of Madhya Pradesh and is locally called Dudhraj. Neelkanth refers to the Indian roller, Saras to the sarus crane, and Papiha to the hawk-cuckoo.