MP Vyapam AEO flashcards

78 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

MP formation date

Madhya Pradesh was formed on 1 November 1956 by merging Madhya Bharat, Vindhya Pradesh, Bhopal, and the Mahakoshal region of the old Central Provinces. Bhopal became the capital.

State animal of MP

The barasingha (hard-ground swamp deer) is the state animal of Madhya Pradesh. It is famously conserved in Kanha National Park, where numbers recovered from near extinction.

Result demonstration

A result demonstration compares a new practice with local practice side by side, recording inputs and yields to show a measurable difference in yield or income to farmers.

Diffusion adoption categories

Rogers classified adopters as innovators (about 2.5%), early adopters (13.5%), early majority (34%), late majority (34%), and laggards (16%) based on how early they adopt an innovation.

Climacteric fruits

Climacteric fruits continue ripening after harvest with a respiration and ethylene peak. Examples include mango, banana, guava, and papaya, unlike non-climacteric citrus and grapes.

Air layering

Air layering is a vegetative propagation method in which a stem is girdled, treated with rooting hormone, wrapped in moist moss and polythene, and rooted before separation from the parent plant.

Cation exchange capacity

Cation exchange capacity (CEC) is the soil's ability to hold exchangeable cations such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. High-clay and organic soils generally have higher CEC.

Economic threshold level

The economic threshold level (ETL) is the pest population density at which control measures should begin to prevent the pest from reaching the economic injury level and causing loss.

Bt cotton genes

Bt cotton carries Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes from Bacillus thuringiensis, which produce proteins toxic to bollworms. Refuge planting is recommended to delay resistance development.

Murrah buffalo

The Murrah is a high-yielding buffalo breed from Haryana, known for its jet-black colour and curled horns. It is widely used for milk production and crossbreeding across India.

Colostrum

Colostrum is the first milk secreted after calving, rich in immunoglobulins, proteins, and minerals. Calves should receive it within the first one to two hours of birth.

Gram Sabha

The Gram Sabha consists of all registered voters of a village. It approves the annual plan, selects beneficiaries, and conducts social audits of the Gram Panchayat's work.

73rd Amendment Act

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, effective 24 April 1993, gave constitutional status to Panchayati Raj institutions and added Part IX and the Eleventh Schedule.

विलोम शब्द

विलोम शब्द वे शब्द होते हैं जिनका अर्थ एक-दूसरे के विपरीत होता है, जैसे अंधकार–प्रकाश, उत्थान–पतन, सज्जन–दुर्जन। प्रतियोगी परीक्षाओं में यह महत्वपूर्ण विषय है।

समास

समास दो या दो से अधिक शब्दों के मेल से बने शब्द को कहते हैं। इसके भेद तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव हैं।

Subject–verb agreement

Subject–verb agreement means a singular subject takes a singular verb and a plural subject takes a plural verb. Phrases like 'one of the students' take a singular verb.

Active to passive voice

In active to passive transformation, the object becomes the subject, the verb becomes be plus past participle, and the original subject becomes the 'by' agent. Only transitive verbs can be made passive.

Alligation rule

Alligation determines the ratio in which two ingredients of different prices or strengths must be mixed to produce a mixture of a desired mean value, using differences from the mean.

Clock angle formula

The angle between the hour and minute hands of a clock equals the absolute value of 30H minus 5.5M degrees, where H is the hour and M is the minute.

Tropic of Cancer in MP

The Tropic of Cancer passes through Madhya Pradesh near Bhopal. The state has a subtropical climate with hot summers, monsoon rains from June to September, and cool winters.

Krishi Vigyan Kendra

A Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) conducts on-farm testing, front-line demonstrations, and training for farmers and extension personnel, and offers vocational training to rural youth.

ATMA

ATMA (Agricultural Technology Management Agency) operates at district level with a Governing Board and block-level Farmer Interest Groups that plan and implement decentralised extension activities.

Parthenocarpy

Parthenocarpy is the development of fruit without fertilisation, producing seedless fruits. Banana and some citrus varieties are common examples important in horticulture.

Fertigation

Fertigation is the application of soluble fertilizers through a drip irrigation system. It improves nutrient use efficiency, reduces leaching, and delivers nutrients directly to the root zone.

Soil health card

A soil health card reports soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micronutrients, guiding balanced fertilizer recommendations for the farmer.

Green manuring

Green manuring is the practice of growing a leguminous crop such as sunhemp or dhaincha and ploughing it into the soil while green to add nitrogen and organic matter.

Disease triangle

The disease triangle states that disease develops when a susceptible host, a virulent pathogen, and a favourable environment occur together. Management aims to break any one of these three.

Trichogramma

Trichogramma are tiny egg parasitoid wasps released in fields as cards to control stem borers and other lepidopteran pests. They are an important biological control agent in IPM.

Artificial insemination

Artificial insemination introduces processed frozen semen into the reproductive tract of a female animal. In cattle, insemination is timed about 12 to 18 hours after the onset of standing heat.

Pasteurization

Pasteurization heats milk to kill pathogenic bacteria while retaining quality. Common methods are LTLT at 63 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes and HTST at 72 degrees Celsius for 15 seconds.

PESA Act 1996

The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, extends Panchayati Raj to Scheduled Areas and gives Gram Sabhas special powers over land, minor minerals, and forest produce.

MGNREGA

The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act provides at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment per rural household, with wages to be paid within 15 days of work completion.

संधि

संधि दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को कहते हैं। इसके मुख्य भेद स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि हैं, जैसे विद्या + आलय = विद्यालय।

मुहावरा

मुहावरा वाक्यांश होता है जिसका अर्थ शब्दों के सीधे अर्थ से भिन्न होता है। उदाहरण के लिए 'आँख का तारा' का अर्थ है बहुत प्यारा व्यक्ति।

Gerund and infinitive

A gerund is a verb form ending in -ing used as a noun, while an infinitive is 'to' plus the base verb. Verbs like 'enjoy' take a gerund, and 'want' takes an infinitive.

Conditional sentences

First conditionals use if plus present tense with will; second conditionals use if plus past with would; third conditionals use if plus had plus past participle with would have plus past participle.

Syllogism

Syllogism is a logical reasoning method using premises to draw a necessary conclusion. Venn diagrams help test whether a conclusion follows from statements such as 'All A are B'.

Simple and compound interest

Simple interest equals principal times rate times time divided by 100. Compound interest equals principal times the quantity one plus rate over 100 raised to the time power, minus principal.

Bhimbetka rock shelters

The Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh are a UNESCO World Heritage Site, inscribed in 2003, famous for prehistoric paintings and evidence of early human habitation.

Kisan Call Centre

The Kisan Call Centre provides free agricultural advice to farmers through a toll-free number in local languages. It is an important mass extension tool under the mKisan initiative.

Polyembryony

Polyembryony is the production of more than one embryo in a single seed. In mango, it is associated with some varieties and is used in rootstock propagation and breeding research.

Integrated nutrient management

Integrated nutrient management combines organic manures, chemical fertilizers, and biofertilizers to maintain soil fertility, improve nutrient use efficiency, and sustain crop yields over the long term.

Karnal bunt

Karnal bunt is a wheat disease caused by Tilletia indica that partially replaces grains with black powder. It is a quarantine disease managed by certified seed and strict phytosanitary measures.

Mastitis

Mastitis is inflammation of the udder, commonly caused by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. It reduces milk yield and quality and is controlled by hygiene, teat dipping, and dry cow therapy.

State Finance Commission

The State Finance Commission reviews the financial position of Panchayats every five years and recommends taxes, duties, tolls, and grants from the state to strengthen Panchayat finances.

अलंकार

अलंकार काव्य में सौंदर्य बढ़ाने वाले तत्व हैं। अनुप्रास में वर्णों की आवृत्ति होती है, उपमा में सादृश्य, रूपक में अभेद आरोप, और यमक में शब्द की आवृत्ति भिन्न अर्थ में होती है।

Reported speech changes

In reported speech, pronouns change to match the reporter, tense shifts one step back unless the reporting verb is present, and time and place words change, such as now to then.

Time and work formula

If A completes work in x days and B in y days, their combined one-day work is 1/x plus 1/y, and together they finish the work in xy divided by x plus y days.

Kanha National Park

Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh inspired Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book and is famous for the hard-ground barasingha, which was saved from near extinction through conservation efforts.

Kisan Credit Card

The Kisan Credit Card provides farmers with short-term crop loans and a flexible credit limit. It covers cultivation costs and is issued through banks with simplified documentation.

Total soluble solids

Total soluble solids (TSS) measure sugars and dissolved solids in fruit juice, expressed in degrees Brix. TSS is used as a maturity index for harvesting fruits such as mango and grapes.

Cropping intensity

Cropping intensity is gross cropped area divided by net sown area, multiplied by 100. A higher value indicates more crops grown per year on the same land.

Khapra beetle

The khapra beetle is a serious stored-grain pest that attacks wheat and other cereals. It is controlled by fumigation, airtight storage, and strict quarantine because of its destructive potential.

Progeny testing

Progeny testing evaluates a sire by the performance of his offspring. It is a key breeding method for selecting superior bulls for artificial insemination and herd improvement in dairy cattle.

PMAY-G

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Gramin) provides financial assistance to rural poor households for constructing pucca houses with basic amenities, with instalments linked to construction stages.

अनुनासिक और अनुस्वार

अनुस्वार बिंदु (ं) से लिखा जाता है और अनुनासिक चंद्रबिंदु (ँ) से। दोनों का प्रयोग शब्द के अर्थ को बदल सकता है, जैसे हंस और हँस।

Phrasal verbs

Phrasal verbs combine a verb with a preposition or adverb to create a new meaning, such as give up (quit), put off (postpone), look after (take care), and break down (stop working).

Divisibility rules

Divisibility rules speed up calculations: a number is divisible by 3 if its digit sum is divisible by 3, by 4 if the last two digits form a multiple of 4, and by 11 if alternating digit sums differ by a multiple of 11.

Ken-Betwa link

The Ken-Betwa river link project transfers surplus water from the Ken to the Betwa basin in Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, supporting irrigation and affecting the Panna landscape.

Farmer field school

A farmer field school is a participatory learning approach where farmers observe, experiment, and learn in their own fields over a season, guided by a facilitator rather than through classroom lectures.

Biennial bearing

Biennial bearing is the tendency of some fruit trees, especially mango, to produce a heavy crop in one year and a light crop the next, managed through pruning and nutrition.

Biofertilizers

Biofertilizers are preparations of living microorganisms that improve nutrient availability. Rhizobium fixes nitrogen in legumes, Azotobacter in non-legumes, and phosphate-solubilising bacteria release phosphorus.

Pesticide waiting period

The waiting period is the interval between the last pesticide application and harvest, ensuring residues fall within permitted limits. It is printed on the label and must be strictly followed.

Milk fever

Milk fever is a metabolic disorder of dairy animals around calving caused by low blood calcium. It is treated with intravenous calcium and prevented by managing calcium intake before calving.

Social audit

A social audit is a process in which the Gram Sabha verifies scheme expenditure, beneficiary selection, and work quality. It is mandatory under MGNREGA and strengthens accountability.

वाच्य

वाच्य के तीन भेद हैं - कर्तृवाच्य, कर्मवाच्य और भाववाच्य। कर्तृवाच्य में कर्ता प्रधान होता है, कर्मवाच्य में कर्म, और भाववाच्य में क्रिया प्रधान होती है।

Confusable word pairs

Confusable pairs include affect (verb) and effect (noun), principal (main or head) and principle (rule), and stationary (not moving) and stationery (writing paper).

Successive discount formula

Two successive discounts of a percent and b percent give a net discount of a plus b minus ab divided by 100 percent. This is less than the simple sum of the two discounts.

Ladli Behna Yojana

Ladli Behna Yojana is a Madhya Pradesh scheme providing monthly financial assistance to eligible women. It aims to improve economic independence and is a prominent state welfare initiative.

Front-line demonstration

A front-line demonstration is conducted by KVK scientists on farmers' fields to show improved technology compared with local practice, serving as a group extension teaching method.

Parthenocarpic banana

Banana is parthenocarpic, developing fruit without fertilisation, and is propagated by suckers or tissue-cultured plantlets. The crop is harvested about 11 to 14 months after planting.

Integrated farming system

An integrated farming system combines crops, livestock, fisheries, and horticulture on one farm to recycle resources, reduce risk, and increase income and employment for farm families.

IPM

Integrated pest management combines cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical methods, using pest monitoring and economic thresholds to minimise pesticide use while preventing economic loss.

Foot-and-mouth disease

Foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals causing blisters on the mouth and feet. It is controlled by vaccination, movement control, and biosecurity.

Gram Panchayat tenure

A Gram Panchayat holds office for five years. If dissolved earlier, fresh elections must be held within six months, and the new body serves the remainder of the original term.

कर्मवाच्य

कर्मवाच्य में कर्म प्रधान हो जाता है और क्रिया कर्म के लिंग और वचन के अनुसार बदलती है। उदाहरण - 'राम ने पत्र लिखा' का कर्मवाच्य 'राम के द्वारा पत्र लिखा गया' है।

One-word substitution

One-word substitution replaces a phrase with a single word, such as philanthropist for one who loves mankind, polyglot for one who speaks many languages, and hydrophobia for fear of water.

Calendar odd days

Odd days count the extra days beyond complete weeks. A normal year has one odd day and a leap year two. In 100 years there are 5 odd days, in 200 years 3, in 300 years 1, and in 400 years none.