NVS TGT cheat sheet

In mathematics pedagogy, a concept is learned in three stages: concrete (objects), semi-concrete (pictures), and abstract (symbols); the sequence is not reversible for a first introduction.

Bloom's revised taxonomy orders objectives as Remember, Understand, Apply, Analyse, Evaluate, Create; the first three are lower order, the last three higher order.

A subject-specific learning outcome must name an observable action verb tied to content, e.g. 'classifies quadrilaterals by diagonals', not 'knows quadrilaterals'.

In science, a hypothesis must be falsifiable; a statement that no observation could contradict is not a hypothesis.

Common misconception to correct: mass and weight differ - mass is in kilograms and constant, weight is a force in newtons and varies with gravity.

In language subjects, skimming gives the gist at roughly 400-700 words per minute; scanning locates a specific detail without reading all text.

A concept map shows hierarchical links between ideas; a mind map radiates from one central term - choose the former for showing relationships among many concepts.

Error analysis differs from diagnosis of misconception: an error may be a slip, but a misconception is a consistent, reproducible wrong rule.

Subject-verb agreement: the verb agrees with the head noun, not the nearest noun - 'The list of items is long', not 'are'.

Neither/either, each, everyone, nobody are singular: 'Neither of the boys was present'.

'A number of' takes a plural verb; 'the number of' takes a singular verb.

Conditional type 2 uses past subjunctive: 'If I were you, I would apply'; type 3 uses 'had + past participle' plus 'would have + past participle'.

Reported speech shifts tense back one step, but not when the reporting verb is present tense or the statement is a universal truth.

Active to passive: object becomes subject, verb becomes 'be + past participle', and the agent is introduced by 'by'.

Choose 'since' with a point of time and 'for' with a duration: 'since 2010', 'for ten years'.

Idiom accuracy: 'a moot point' means debatable, not irrelevant; 'to bite the bullet' means to endure something painful.

स्वर के तीन भेद हैं - ह्रस्व (अ, इ, उ), दीर्घ (आ, ई, ऊ) और प्लुत; संधि स्वरों के मेल से होती है।

संधि के तीन प्रकार: स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि; 'सूर्योदय' = सूर्य + उदय (स्वर संधि)।

समास के मुख्य भेद: तत्पुरुष, कर्मधारय, द्विगु, द्वंद्व, बहुव्रीहि और अव्ययीभाव; 'चतुर्भुज' द्विगु समास है।

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है (प्र + हार = प्रहार); प्रत्यय अंत में जुड़ता है (लड़क + पन = लड़कपन)।

वाक्य के अंग: उद्देश्य और विधेय; रचना के आधार पर सरल, संयुक्त और मिश्र वाक्य।

अलंकार: अनुप्रास में वर्ण की आवृत्ति, यमक में एक शब्द की भिन्न अर्थों में आवृत्ति, उपमा में 'सा/जैसा' से तुलना।

काल तीन हैं - वर्तमान, भूत, भविष्य; प्रत्येक के सामान्य, अपूर्ण, पूर्ण और संभाव्य रूप होते हैं।

वर्तनी नियम: 'ऋ' का प्रयोग संस्कृत तत्सम शब्दों में, 'रि' का तद्भव में; 'श' तालव्य, 'ष' मूर्धन्य, 'स' दंत्य है।

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950; Dr B. R. Ambedkar chaired the Drafting Committee.

Fundamental Rights are in Part III (Articles 12-35); the Right to Education was inserted by the 86th Amendment, 2002, as Article 21A.

The Fundamental Duties were added by the 42nd Amendment, 1976, on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.

The President is elected by an electoral college of elected MPs and elected MLAs; the impeachment process is in Article 61.

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015; it is a policy think tank, not a constitutional body.

ISRO was formed in 1969; Chandrayaan-1 (2008) confirmed water molecules on the Moon, and Mangalyaan entered Mars orbit in 2014.

Nobel Prizes in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace were first awarded in 1901; the Economics prize began in 1969.

National parks are notified under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972; Kaziranga is famous for the one-horned rhinoceros and is a UNESCO site.

In a blood-relation puzzle, draw a tree: vertical line = generation, horizontal line = siblings/spouse; never infer gender from a name alone.

Direction sense: use a coordinate grid; a left turn after facing north means facing west, and net displacement uses Pythagoras.

Coding-decoding by letter position: A=1 to Z=26; a shift of +3 turns CAT into FDW.

Series rule check order: differences, then ratios, then squares/cubes, then alternating operations.

Syllogism: 'All A are B' plus 'All B are C' gives 'All A are C'; two particular premises never give a universal conclusion.

Seating arrangement: fix the person with the most constraints first, then place clockwise/anticlockwise and verify each clue once at the end.

Odd-one-out: test a single property across all options (prime, perfect square, letter count) before assuming a semantic rule.

Calendar: a normal year shifts the weekday by 1, a leap year by 2; 100 years shift by 5, 400 years by 0.

1 byte = 8 bits; 1 KB = 1024 bytes, 1 MB = 1024 KB, 1 GB = 1024 MB.

RAM is volatile working memory; ROM is non-volatile and holds firmware such as the BIOS/UEFI.

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses; IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses; DNS maps domain names to IP addresses.

HTTP is stateless and unencrypted on port 80; HTTPS adds TLS on port 443.

In a spreadsheet, absolute references use $A$1, relative use A1; SUM, AVERAGE, COUNT and IF are core functions.

A URL has scheme, host and path; a URL shortener changes only the string, not the destination server.

Malware types: virus attaches to a host file, worm self-replicates over networks, trojan disguises as useful software, ransomware encrypts data for payment.

Cloud models: IaaS gives virtual machines, PaaS gives a runtime platform, SaaS gives a finished application such as webmail.

Piaget's stages: sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-11), formal operational (11+); conservation appears at the concrete stage.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development is the gap between unaided performance and performance with scaffolding from a more able other.

Kohlberg's moral levels: preconventional (punishment/obedience), conventional (social approval, law), postconventional (universal principles).

Formative assessment informs teaching during learning; summative assessment certifies achievement at the end of a unit.

Bloom's taxonomy verbs should match the cognitive level demanded by the assessment item; a recall verb cannot test evaluation.

A valid test measures what it claims; a reliable test gives consistent scores on repetition; reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation assesses scholastic and co-scholastic areas throughout the year rather than in a single terminal exam.

Inclusive education adapts content, method and assessment to diverse learners; it is not merely placing a child in a mainstream classroom.