NVS TGT flashcards

31 cards. Read the term and the definition here. The deck at the top of this page is optional.

Concrete to abstract sequence

Instruction in mathematics moves from manipulating real objects, to pictures and diagrams, to symbols and rules. Skipping the concrete stage for a first introduction leaves gaps in understanding.

Falsifiability of a hypothesis

A scientific hypothesis must be stated so that some possible observation could show it false. A claim no evidence could contradict is not testable and is not a hypothesis.

Mass versus weight

Mass is the amount of matter, measured in kilograms and unchanged by location. Weight is the gravitational force on that mass, measured in newtons and varying with local gravity.

Concept map versus mind map

A concept map links many ideas with labelled relationships in a hierarchy. A mind map radiates branches from a single central term. Use concept maps to show how ideas connect.

Skimming versus scanning

Skimming is fast reading for the general idea, at several hundred words per minute. Scanning is searching for one specific detail without reading the whole passage.

Subject-verb agreement with collectives

The verb agrees with the head noun, not the nearest noun. 'The list of items is long' is correct because the head noun 'list' is singular.

Third conditional form

The third conditional describes an unreal past: 'If I had applied, I would have been selected.' It uses had plus past participle, then would have plus past participle.

Since versus for

Use 'since' with a starting point in time, as in 'since 2010'. Use 'for' with a length of time, as in 'for ten years'. They are not interchangeable.

संधि के तीन प्रकार

दो वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले परिवर्तन को संधि कहते हैं। इसके तीन भेद हैं - स्वर संधि, व्यंजन संधि और विसर्ग संधि।

द्विगु समास की पहचान

जिस समास का पूर्वपद संख्यावाचक हो और समस्त पद समूह का बोध कराए, वह द्विगु समास है। उदाहरण - चतुर्भुज, त्रिलोक, नवरात्र।

उपसर्ग और प्रत्यय

उपसर्ग शब्द के आरंभ में जुड़कर अर्थ बदलता है, जैसे प्र + हार = प्रहार। प्रत्यय शब्द के अंत में जुड़ता है, जैसे लड़क + पन = लड़कपन।

अनुप्रास और यमक अलंकार

अनुप्रास में एक ही वर्ण की आवृत्ति से चमत्कार उत्पन्न होता है। यमक में एक ही शब्द भिन्न-भिन्न अर्थों में दोहराया जाता है।

Article 21A

Article 21A, inserted by the 86th Constitutional Amendment in 2002, makes free and compulsory education a fundamental right for children aged six to fourteen years.

Fundamental Duties amendment

Fundamental Duties were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, acting on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee. They now number eleven.

NITI Aayog formation

NITI Aayog replaced the Planning Commission on 1 January 2015. It is a policy think tank of the Government of India, not a constitutional or statutory body.

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

National parks and sanctuaries in India are notified under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. Kaziranga National Park, a UNESCO site, is known for the one-horned rhinoceros.

Blood relation tree notation

In blood-relation puzzles, draw vertical lines between generations and horizontal lines for siblings and spouses. Do not assume gender from a name; use only stated clues.

Syllogism universal conclusion rule

Two universal affirmative premises give a universal affirmative conclusion: All A are B and All B are C gives All A are C. Two particular premises never yield a universal conclusion.

Leap year weekday shift

An ordinary year shifts the weekday of a given date by one day; a leap year shifts it by two. A block of 100 years shifts by five, and 400 years shift by zero.

Letter position coding

Assign A=1 through Z=26. A fixed shift changes each letter by that many places, so a shift of plus three turns CAT into FDW. Reverse alphabets run A=26 to Z=1.

Volatile versus non-volatile memory

RAM is volatile working memory and loses its contents when power is removed. ROM is non-volatile and retains firmware such as the BIOS or UEFI across power cycles.

IPv4 versus IPv6

IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, giving about 4.3 billion possibilities. IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, written in hexadecimal groups, to overcome address exhaustion.

HTTP and HTTPS ports

HTTP is stateless and unencrypted and uses port 80 by default. HTTPS wraps HTTP in TLS encryption and uses port 443 by default, protecting data in transit.

Absolute versus relative cell reference

A relative reference such as A1 shifts when a formula is copied. An absolute reference such as $A$1 stays fixed. Mixed references lock only the column or only the row.

Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development

The ZPD is the gap between what a learner can do unaided and what the learner can do with scaffolding from a teacher or more able peer. Instruction should target this zone.

Piaget's concrete operational stage

Piaget's concrete operational stage runs from about seven to eleven years. Children then master conservation, classification and reversibility, but reason about concrete rather than abstract situations.

Formative versus summative assessment

Formative assessment is conducted during learning to guide teaching and feedback. Summative assessment comes at the end of a unit or course to certify achievement against standards.

Validity and reliability

Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it claims to measure. Reliability is consistency of scores across occasions or items. A test can be reliable yet invalid.

Kohlberg's conventional level

At Kohlberg's conventional level, moral judgement is guided by social approval and by maintaining law and order. It follows the preconventional level and precedes postconventional reasoning.

Inclusive education meaning

Inclusive education adapts curriculum content, teaching method and assessment so that diverse learners, including those with disabilities, learn in the same setting. Placement alone is not inclusion.

Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation

CCE assesses scholastic and co-scholastic areas continuously through the year using multiple tools, rather than relying on a single terminal examination to judge a learner.