Odisha Police Constable key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution and enforceable through courts; they cover equality, speech, religion, and life, but are subject to reasonable restrictions.

A single indirect tax on the supply of goods and services across India, introduced on 1 July 2017; it replaced many earlier taxes and is shared between the Centre and the States.

The annual statement of the Central Government's estimated receipts and expenditure, presented to Parliament before the financial year begins, showing how the government will raise and spend money.

A place of outstanding cultural or natural value that is inscribed on a list kept by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, giving it international recognition and protection.

The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank of India lends short-term funds to commercial banks against government securities; changes in it influence loan rates and inflation.

A war fought around 261 BCE in which Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire conquered Kalinga, the region roughly matching modern Odisha; the bloodshed reportedly turned him toward Buddhism.

A rock-cut Prakrit inscription at Udayagiri near Bhubaneswar that records the achievements of King Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty and is a key source for early Odishan history.

A major Hindu temple at Puri in Odisha dedicated to Lord Jagannath; it is a famous pilgrimage centre and the starting point of the annual Rath Yatra chariot festival.

An annual Hindu festival at Puri in which huge wooden chariots carrying the idols of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra are pulled by devotees from the main temple to Gundicha Temple.

A classical dance form from Odisha known for sculptural poses, the tribhangi body bend, expressive mime, and Odissi music; it is recognized as one of India's classical dances.

A masked dance tradition of Odisha, Jharkhand, and West Bengal; the Odisha style from Mayurbhanj uses vigorous movement, acrobatics, and themes from the epics and Puranas.

A traditional cloth-based scroll painting of Odisha, especially Puri and Raghurajpur, marked by bold outlines, flat colours, and mythological themes, and often used in temple rituals.

Asia's largest brackish-water lagoon, lying on the Odisha coast; it supports fisheries, Irrawaddy dolphins, and migratory birds and is a designated Ramsar wetland.

A national park and tiger reserve in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha, known for sal forests, tigers, elephants, and the rare melanistic tiger; it also forms part of a biosphere reserve.

An armed uprising in 1817 in Odisha led by landed militia called paikas against British revenue policies and rule, often described as an early anti-colonial revolt.

The unicameral legislature of Odisha, with 147 elected members; it makes state laws, approves the state budget, and holds the state government accountable.

A reasoning problem giving two or more premises from which a conclusion must be tested for validity; candidates often use Venn diagrams to check whether it logically follows.

A reasoning question that describes family relationships in words or symbols and asks how two people are related; drawing a family tree usually makes the answer clear.

A reasoning exercise in which letters, words, or numbers are replaced by a pattern-based code, and the candidate must decode a given word or apply the same rule.

A reasoning problem that tracks a person's movement through turns and distances in cardinal or intermediate directions, asking for the final distance, position, or facing direction.

A reasoning puzzle that places people in rows, circles, or around tables using clues about positions, neighbours, and facing direction, from which the complete arrangement must be deduced.

A reasoning topic about dates, days, leap years, and odd days; fixed rules about the number of odd days in months and years are used to find the weekday of a date.

A way of expressing a number as a fraction of 100, used to compare quantities and to solve problems on discounts, marks, increases, and decreases.

A ratio compares two quantities by division, while a proportion states that two ratios are equal; both are used in partnership, mixture, and scaling problems.

The sum of a set of quantities divided by how many quantities there are; it gives a central value and is used in problems about ages, scores, and sales.

Interest calculated only on the original principal for a given period at a fixed annual rate, without adding earlier interest to the principal.

Interest calculated on the principal plus interest already earned, so the amount grows in each period; it is common in bank deposit and loan problems.

A category of arithmetic problems that compares the rates at which people or machines finish tasks, using the idea that work done equals rate multiplied by time.

The branch of arithmetic concerned with measuring lengths, areas, and volumes of geometric figures such as circles, triangles, rectangles, cylinders, and spheres.

A word that has the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in a given context, such as 'begin' and 'start'.

A word that expresses the opposite meaning of another word, such as 'ancient' and 'modern'; antonym questions test vocabulary range and precision.

A fixed expression whose intended meaning cannot be worked out from the literal meanings of its individual words, such as 'break the ice' meaning to start a conversation.

Two ways of presenting the same action: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the receiver the subject and often adds 'by'.

The grammar rule that a verb must match its subject in number and person, for example a singular subject takes a singular verb in the present tense.

The minimum standing height, measured without shoes, that a candidate must meet to clear the physical measurement test; the exact figure depends on category and gender.

The chest girth measured with a tape, usually recorded in unexpanded and expanded states, to check whether a candidate meets the prescribed physical standard.

The sharpness of a person's eyesight, tested with a standard chart; recruitment rules usually set a minimum vision standard and may also require normal colour vision.

A qualifying endurance race in which a candidate must cover 1600 metres within a prescribed time; the result is pass or fail and is not added to the merit score.

A field event in which a candidate runs up and jumps as far as possible from a take-off board into a pit; recruitment tests require a minimum qualifying distance.

A field event in which a heavy metal ball is pushed from the shoulder so that it lands inside a marked sector; recruitment tests use it to check strength and technique.