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Chilika Lake is a coastal lagoon on the Bay of Bengal coast in Odisha, spread across Puri, Khordha and Ganjam districts. It is separated from the sea by a sandbar and is famous for its dolphin and bird populations. Its location in Odisha is a standard state-geography fact for the exam.
The Kalinga war was fought in 261 BCE in the region of present-day Odisha. Ashoka's own edicts describe his remorse over the bloodshed and his subsequent turn to dhamma. The other dates mark different dynastic or era events.
Odissi is the classical dance form of Odisha and its repertoire commonly centres on Jayadeva's Gita Govinda, especially the Ashtapadis. Its technique includes the tribhanga posture and sculpturesque poses seen in Odishan temple art. The other forms belong to different states.
Odisha sends 21 members to the Lok Sabha. The state also has 147 seats in its Legislative Assembly. These figures are set under the constitutional delimitation framework.
The Mahanadi originates in the Sihawa hills of Dhamtari district in Chhattisgarh. It enters Odisha, passes through the Eastern Ghats and forms a delta before draining into the Bay of Bengal. Its delta supports major agricultural districts such as Cuttack and Puri.
The Swaran Singh Committee recommended a set of Fundamental Duties, and the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 inserted them as Article 51A in Part IVA. They are moral obligations for citizens and are not directly enforceable by courts. The other bodies dealt with different subjects.
Mohan Charan Majhi of the Bharatiya Janata Party was sworn in as Chief Minister of Odisha in June 2024 after the party won the state assembly election. Pravati Parida and Kanak Vardhan Singh Deo became Deputy Chief Ministers. Naveen Patnaik had served as Chief Minister before this change.
Kalinga Stadium is located in Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha. It has hosted events such as the 2018 Men's Hockey World Cup and is a centre for the state's hockey promotion efforts. Cuttack's Barabati Stadium is mainly associated with cricket.
Ultraviolet-B radiation in sunlight converts 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into previtamin D3, which becomes vitamin D. Vitamin D is needed for calcium absorption and bone health, and severe deficiency can cause rickets in children. The other vitamins must come mainly from diet.
The Paika Rebellion of 1817 in Khurda was led by Bakshi Jagabandhu Bidyadhar Mahapatra, a former commander of the Khurda king. The Paikas, traditional soldiers and landed militia, rose against Company revenue policies and administrative changes. Jayee Rajguru led an earlier Khurda uprising, while Veer Surendra Sai is linked to later anti-British resistance in Sambalpur.
Odisha became a separate province on 1 April 1936 under the Government of India Act, 1935, following the report of the O'Donnell Committee and sustained public agitation. The day is celebrated statewide as Utkala Dibasa, honouring the formation of the first state carved out on a linguistic basis in India.
Similipal is located in the Mayurbhanj district of northern Odisha and forms part of the Similipal-Kuldiha-Hadgarh elephant reserve. It was declared a tiger reserve in 1973 and later included in UNESCO's World Network of Biosphere Reserves.
Hirakud Dam near Sambalpur impounds the Mahanadi, creating one of Asia's largest artificial reservoirs. It was dedicated in 1957 and supports irrigation, flood control and hydropower generation in western Odisha.
The Odisha Legislative Assembly, seated at Bhubaneswar, has 147 elected members representing assembly constituencies across the state. One seat is reserved for the Anglo-Indian community's nomination only when applicable under constitutional provisions.
Narasimhadeva I commissioned the Konark Sun Temple around the mid-thirteenth century as a monumental chariot of the sun god. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is renowned for its stone wheels, horses and erotic sculpture.
Deomali rises to roughly 1,672 metres in the Eastern Ghats within Koraput district, making it the highest point in Odisha. It lies in the Pottangi region and is part of the state's tribal highland landscape.
Rourkela Steel Plant was built with technical assistance from West Germany and began production in the 1950s under Hindustan Steel Limited, later part of SAIL. It gave Odisha an early industrial base in the Sundargarh district.
Sudarshan Pattnaik of Puri is an internationally recognised sand artist who creates large sculptures on the beaches of Puri and has won several international sand art competitions. Pattachitra and filigree are traditional Odishan crafts practised by other artist communities.
The Odisha Legislative Assembly elects 10 members to the Rajya Sabha through the single transferable vote system of proportional representation. The state's Lok Sabha representation is separate and larger.
The Bonda live mainly in the Bonda Hills of Malkangiri district in southern Odisha and are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group. Their remoteness and distinct customs have made them a focus of tribal welfare programmes.
Odisha's official state animal is the sambar deer, a large forest-dwelling deer found in reserves such as Similipal and Satkosia. The state bird is the Indian roller, the state tree is the banyan and the state flower is the asoka. Sambar is protected under Indian wildlife law and is a key prey species for tigers.
Bali Jatra is held every year at Gadagadia Ghat on the Mahanadi in Cuttack, usually around Kartika Purnima. It recalls the ancient Sadhaba merchants of Kalinga who sailed to Bali, Java and Sumatra. Women float miniature boats, called boita bandana, as part of the observance.
Odisha is currently divided into 30 districts, grouped under three revenue divisions. The number has grown over time as new districts were carved out for better administration. Candidates should note that 13 was the count in the early 1990s, before several reorganisations.
The Union Cabinet approved classical language status for Odia in 2014, recognising its long literary tradition and ancient inscriptions. Tamil had received the status earlier, in 2004, and Telugu and Kannada in 2008. Classical status brings support for research, translation and academic chairs in the language.
Bhitarkanika Wildlife Sanctuary and its mangrove forests lie in Kendrapara district, in the Brahmani-Baitarani delta. The area is a Ramsar wetland and is known for one of India's largest saltwater crocodile populations. Its mangrove cover is second only to the Sundarbans in India.
Mayurbhanj Chhau is the Odisha form of the dance, performed with elaborate masks during spring festivals such as Chaitra Parva. The other recognised styles are Seraikella Chhau of Jharkhand and Purulia Chhau of West Bengal. UNESCO listed all three together in 2010.
Dilip Tirkey, a former India captain and defender from Sundargarh in Odisha, was elected president of Hockey India in 2022. He later became a Rajya Sabha member and has been associated with the promotion of hockey in Odisha. Odisha has also hosted major tournaments such as the FIH Odisha Hockey Men's World Cup 2023.
The Hatigumpha inscription belongs to King Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty and is written in Prakrit using Brahmi script. It recounts his military campaigns, public works and patronage of Jainism. It is one of the most important epigraphic records for reconstructing early Odishan history.
The Lingaraj Temple is attributed to the Somavamsi (Kesari) dynasty, with construction credited to King Jajati Keshari in the eleventh century. It is a landmark of the Kalinga architectural style, with a tall deula and a large bhogamandapa. The later Eastern Ganga and Gajapati rulers patronised other temples such as Konark and the Jagannath complex.
Odisha is currently divided into 30 districts, a figure reached in 1993 when 13 new districts were carved out of the then 13 districts. This administrative map has remained unchanged since, and each district is headed by a Collector-cum-District Magistrate.
The Kalinga War was fought by Ashoka, whose thirteenth major rock edict at Dhauli records his remorse and his turn towards dhamma after the bloodshed. Dhauli is also identified as the site of the famous elephant carving associated with that Mauryan phase in Odisha.
Odia received classical language status in 2014, when the Union Cabinet approved the change and it was notified along with certain other languages. The recognition rested on Odia's old literary record, including early inscriptions and medieval devotional poetry.
Chilika's brackish waters near Satapada hold a resident population of Irrawaddy dolphins, a key attraction and a flagship of the lagoon's conservation effort. The species is a coastal and estuarine dolphin, which fits Chilika's mix of fresh and sea water rather than a purely riverine habitat.
On 1 April 1936 Odisha became a separate province under the Government of India Act 1935, the first Indian province organised on a linguistic basis. Utkal Divas commemorates that political milestone in the Odia-speaking people's movement.
Hirakud Dam spans the Mahanadi a short distance from Sambalpur and stores water for irrigation, flood control and hydropower. The river rises in Chhattisgarh, enters Odisha and forms a large delta before reaching the Bay of Bengal.
The Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 elected members, each representing a single-member constituency. The Assembly meets in Bhubaneswar and its term, like that of other state assemblies, is normally five years unless dissolved earlier.
The 1817 Paika Rebellion in Khurda was led by Bakshi Jagabandhu, the hereditary military commander of the Khurda raja, with support from Paika landed militia. The uprising protested the dispossession of the Khurda ruler and the new revenue and administrative measures introduced after the British occupation of 1803.
Bhitarkanika National Park is located in Kendrapara district within the Brahmani-Baitarani delta, where mangroves support a well-known estuarine crocodile population. Its Ramsar status and the nearby Gahirmatha turtle rookery make the delta a major coastal conservation zone.
Odissi is the classical dance tradition of Odisha, and its sculpture-like poses such as Tribhangi and Chauka are derived from the carvings of Odishan temples. It was nurtured in the Jagannath temple ritual and the gotipua akhadas before being codified as a concert form in the twentieth century. The other three are classical forms of Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, not Odisha.
The sambar deer is notified as the state animal of Odisha, while the Indian roller is the state bird and the banyan the state tree. Sambar is a large, dark-coated deer found widely in Odishan reserves such as Similipal and Satkosia. The hangul is confined to Kashmir and the barasingha is best known from central Indian grasslands.
Raja marks the first rain of the monsoon and honours the earth as a mother figure who is believed to rest during her menstrual period, so no ploughing is done. Women swing on ropes tied to trees and eat special cakes such as Poda Pitha. It is an agricultural and fertility festival, not a commemoration of battles or royal ritual.
Anantavarman Chodaganga Deva of the Eastern Ganga dynasty started the present temple at Puri in the early twelfth century, and the work was carried forward by later Ganga rulers. Narasimhadeva I is remembered for building the Sun Temple at Konark instead. The temple's towering shikhara and its subsidiary shrines are the classic markers of Kalinga architecture.
Kapilendra Deva established the Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty around 1434–35 and made Cuttack his seat of power, campaigning as far south as the Godavari delta. The title Gajapati, meaning lord of elephants, was used by these rulers in their inscriptions and temple records. The Eastern Gangas had ruled before them, while the Bhoi dynasty came later.
Balarama Das wrote the Jagamohana Ramayana, also called the Dandi Ramayana, and the shorter Bilanka Ramayana, both retelling the epic in Odia with local colour. Sarala Das is the earlier Adi Kabi who produced the Odia Mahabharata, and Jagannatha Das rendered the Bhagabata into Odia. Upendra Bhanja belongs to a later ornate school of Odia poetry.
The Fifth Schedule, read with Article 244(1), governs the administration of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in states other than Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and Mizoram. It provides for a Tribes Advisory Council and gives the Governor special powers over such areas. The Sixth Schedule, by contrast, applies to autonomous councils in the north-eastern states.
The Bhauma-Kara dynasty of coastal Odisha, ruling roughly from the eighth to the tenth century, saw queens such as Tribhuvana Mahadevi and Gauri Mahadevi occupy the throne in their own right. Their charters record land grants and patronage of Buddhist and Shaiva institutions. The Sailodbhavas, Matharas and Nalas were earlier or regional lines without this pattern of female sovereignty.
Thirteen communities in Odisha are notified as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, out of 75 such groups nationally. They include the Bonda, Dongria Kandha, Juang, Lanjia Saora, Paudi Bhuyan and Kutia Kandha, most of them concentrated in the southern tribal districts. PVTG status brings special entitlements such as habitat protection and pre-agricultural development schemes.
Deomali, at roughly 1,670 metres, is the highest point in Odisha and lies in the Koraput district hill ranges. Mahendragiri in Gajapati district is the next well-known high peak, while Malayagiri and Gandhamardan are lower ranges. These hills form part of the Eastern Ghats, which run across the state's southern and western districts.
The Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in the Dhamtari district of Chhattisgarh and then flows east across Odisha before draining into the Bay of Bengal. Chhattisgarh therefore holds the river's upper catchment, while Jharkhand and Maharashtra touch only the fringes of the basin.
Gangadhar Meher of Sambalpur, author of 'Tapaswini' and 'Pranaya Ballari', is celebrated as the Swabhaba Kabi for his vivid portrayal of rural Odishan life and nature. The title sets him apart from Radhanath Ray, who is known as Kabibara.