Odisha Police SI key terms

Basic freedoms guaranteed to citizens by Part III of the Indian Constitution, enforceable in courts through writs. They cover equality, speech, life, religion and constitutional remedies, and cannot be removed even by ordinary legislation.

Guidelines in Part IV of the Constitution directing governments to promote welfare, social justice and development. They are not directly enforceable in courts but are fundamental in governance and inform policy and legislation.

Opening statement of the Indian Constitution declaring India a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic and listing justice, liberty, equality and fraternity as its objectives. Courts use it to interpret ambiguous constitutional provisions.

Formal application asking a High Court or the Supreme Court to issue a constitutional order such as habeas corpus, mandamus or certiorari against unlawful detention or administrative action. Article 32 covers the Supreme Court and Article 226 the High Courts.

Power of courts to examine laws and executive actions and strike them down if they violate the Constitution. It protects fundamental rights and maintains the constitutional supremacy over ordinary legislation.

Principle from the Kesavananda Bharati case that Parliament cannot amend the Constitution in a way that destroys its essential features, such as democracy, secularism or judicial review. It limits the amending power under Article 368.

The constitutional procedure by which Parliament alters the Constitution, requiring a special majority in both Houses and, for federal provisions, ratification by at least half the state legislatures. It is subject to the basic structure limit.

Three-tier system of local self-government at village, block and district levels, given constitutional status by the 73rd Amendment Act of 1992. It reserves seats for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and women.

Assembly of all registered voters of a village or group of villages within a panchayat area. It approves plans and budgets and exercises powers assigned by state law, forming the base of the Panchayati Raj structure.

Municipal institutions such as nagar panchayats, municipal councils and municipal corporations, given constitutional status by the 74th Amendment Act of 1992. They handle urban planning, water supply, sanitation and local infrastructure.

Unicameral state legislature of Odisha, currently with 147 elected members. It sits in Bhubaneswar, frames state laws and controls the state government through confidence and budget votes.

Senior-most civil servant of the Odisha government, heading the state administrative machinery and coordinating between departments and the Chief Minister. The post is held by an IAS officer appointed by the state government.

War fought around 261 BCE in which Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan Empire conquered Kalinga, the region corresponding to modern Odisha. The bloodshed led Ashoka to embrace Buddhism and renounce conquest by force.

Rock-cut inscription in the Udayagiri caves near Bhubaneswar recording the reign of King Kharavela of the Mahameghavahana dynasty. It is the main source for early Kalinga history and lists his military and public works.

Ancient ruling house of Kalinga that rose after the Mauryan decline, best known through King Kharavela. It patronised Jainism and is associated with the Udayagiri and Khandagiri cave complexes.

Medieval Odia dynasty, notably under Kapilendra Deva, that ruled large parts of coastal Odisha and extended influence up to the Godavari region. Its rulers built temples and promoted Odia literature and Jagannath worship.

Major Hindu temple at Puri dedicated to Lord Jagannath, a form of Vishnu. It is a key pilgrimage centre, famous for the annual Rath Yatra and for its role in Odia religious and cultural identity.

Annual chariot festival at Puri in which the deities Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are taken out on large wooden chariots. It draws pilgrims from across India and is a defining public festival of Odisha.

Armed uprising of Odia Paika soldiers and zamindars against British rule in 1817, led by Bakshi Jagabandhu. It is often cited as an early anti-colonial revolt, preceding the 1857 uprising.

Association founded in 1903 to campaign for the unification of Odia-speaking areas under a single administration. Its efforts contributed to the creation of a separate Odisha province in 1936.

Observed on 1 April to mark the creation of Odisha as a separate province in 1936 on linguistic grounds. It commemorates the culmination of the movement for a united Odia-speaking state.

Set of moral principles promoted by Emperor Ashoka after the Kalinga War, stressing non-violence, tolerance and welfare. It was spread through edicts inscribed on rocks and pillars across the empire, including sites in Odisha.

Major east-flowing river rising in Chhattisgarh and flowing through Odisha to the Bay of Bengal. It supports irrigation and the Hirakud Dam and forms a large delta known for agriculture and floods.

Large dam built across the Mahanadi near Sambalpur in Odisha, completed in 1957. It is among the longest dams in the world and provides flood control, irrigation and hydroelectric power.

Brackish water lagoon on the Odisha coast, Asia's largest coastal lagoon and a Ramsar wetland. It hosts migratory birds and Irrawaddy dolphins and supports fishing and tourism around Satapada and Barkul.

Protected forest and tiger reserve in Mayurbhanj district of Odisha, part of a biosphere reserve. It shelters tigers, elephants and the rare melanistic tiger and is drained by the Budhabalanga and Khairi rivers.

Intense low-pressure storm system forming over warm tropical oceans with organised thunderstorms and strong winds. Odisha's long coastline makes it highly vulnerable, as seen in the 1999 super cyclone.

Gradual wearing away of shoreline land by wave action, currents and storms. It threatens Odisha's beaches and settlements and is managed through sea walls, groynes and mangrove plantation.

Salt-tolerant forest community growing in tidal coastal areas, with stilt roots that stabilise mud and shelter fish nurseries. In Odisha, mangroves at Bhitarkanika reduce storm surge damage and support biodiversity.

Mangrove wetland in Kendrapara district of Odisha, famous for saltwater crocodiles and a large nesting site for olive ridley turtles nearby. It is a Ramsar site and a key coastal conservation area.

Process by which green plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make glucose and release oxygen, with chlorophyll as the pigment. It converts light energy into chemical energy stored in food.

Biochemical process in cells that breaks down glucose to release energy, using oxygen in aerobic forms and producing carbon dioxide and water. It is the reverse of photosynthesis in terms of gas exchange.

Three principles stating that a body stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted on by force, that force equals mass times acceleration, and that every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

Rule stating that current through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it at constant temperature, giving the relation V equals I times R. Resistance is measured in ohms.

Classification of blood by ABO and Rh antigens on red cells, determining compatibility for transfusion. Group O negative is a universal donor and AB positive a universal recipient for red cells.

Comparison of two quantities by division and the statement that two ratios are equal. Problems often require finding an unknown term or dividing a total in a given ratio.

A fraction expressed with denominator 100, used to compare quantities and express increase, decrease or share. Converting between fractions, decimals and percentages is a common aptitude skill.

Simple interest is calculated only on the principal, while compound interest is calculated on principal plus accumulated interest. Compound interest grows faster and is computed periodically.

Sum of a set of values divided by the number of values, representing a central value. It is used in problems on speed, ages and mixtures to find missing quantities.

Logical reasoning question type with two or more premises and a conclusion, tested for validity using set relationships. Venn diagrams help decide whether a conclusion necessarily follows.

Reasoning problems that describe family relationships in text or symbols and ask how two people are related. Drawing a family tree with clear generation levels prevents errors.

Reasoning task where words or numbers are converted by a rule and the candidate must apply or identify that rule. Common patterns include letter shifts, reversals and position-based substitutions.

Finding the missing or next element in a sequence of numbers, letters or figures by identifying its underlying pattern. Differences, ratios, squares and alternating rules are common bases.

English section task requiring careful reading of a passage and answering questions on its main idea, details, tone and inferred meaning. Answers should be based only on the given text.

Two ways of expressing an action: active voice makes the doer the subject, while passive voice makes the object the subject. Passive forms use a form of be with the past participle.

Fixed expressions whose meaning cannot be understood from the individual words, such as 'at the drop of a hat'. Exams test recognition of their accepted figurative meanings.

Writing system derived from the Kalinga branch of Brahmi, used for the Odia language. It is rounded in shape, writes consonant clusters with conjunct forms and is also used for Sambalpuri and other regional languages.

Word stock of the Odia language, which is heavily Sanskrit-derived but includes loanwords from Persian, English and neighbouring languages. Exams test synonyms, antonyms and correct usage.

System software that manages hardware, memory, files and processes and provides services to application programs. Examples include Windows, Linux and Android.

Storage in a computer, divided into primary memory such as RAM and ROM and secondary storage such as hard disks and SSDs. Units progress from bit to byte, kilobyte, megabyte, gigabyte and terabyte.

Interconnection of computers that exchange data using protocols such as TCP/IP. Networks range from LANs within a building to WANs and the internet, the global network of networks.

Illegal activity carried out using computers or networks, including phishing, identity theft, hacking and online fraud. Complaints in India can be filed through the national cybercrime reporting portal.

Qualifying stage of police recruitment requiring candidates to complete running, long jump and other events within prescribed standards. Marks or eligibility depend on performance, and clearing it is mandatory before the next stage.

Minimum height, chest and weight criteria set for police recruitment, varying by category and gender. Candidates are measured at verification and must meet the notified figures for their category.

Body measurement recorded in police recruitment as normal chest girth and expansion on inhalation. Minimum figures differ by category and gender, and shortfalls lead to disqualification at verification.